Katana VentraIP

Octave

In music, an octave (Latin: octavus: eighth) or perfect octave (sometimes called the diapason)[2] is a series of eight notes occupying the interval between (and including) two notes, one having twice the frequency of vibration of the other. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon that has been referred to as the "basic miracle of music", the use of which is "common in most musical systems".[3][4] The interval between the first and second harmonics of the harmonic series is an octave. In Western music notation, notes separated by an octave (or multiple octaves) have the same name and are of the same pitch class.

For other uses, see Octave (disambiguation).

To emphasize that it is one of the perfect intervals (including unison, perfect fourth, and perfect fifth), the octave is designated P8. Other interval qualities are also possible, though rare. The octave above or below an indicated note is sometimes abbreviated 8a or 8va (Italian: all'ottava), 8va bassa (Italian: all'ottava bassa, sometimes also 8vb), or simply 8 for the octave in the direction indicated by placing this mark above or below the staff.

Oscillogram of middle C (262 Hz). (Scale: 1 square is equal to 1 millisecond)

Oscillogram of middle C (262 Hz). (Scale: 1 square is equal to 1 millisecond)

C5, an octave above middle C. The frequency is twice that of middle C (523 Hz).

C5, an octave above middle C. The frequency is twice that of middle C (523 Hz).

C3, an octave below middle C. The frequency is half that of middle C (131 Hz).

C3, an octave below middle C. The frequency is half that of middle C (131 Hz).

An octave is the interval between one musical pitch and another with double or half its frequency. For example, if one note has a frequency of 440 Hz, the note one octave above is at 880 Hz, and the note one octave below is at 220 Hz. The ratio of frequencies of two notes an octave apart is therefore 2:1. Further octaves of a note occur at times the frequency of that note (where n is an integer), such as 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. and the reciprocal of that series. For example, 55 Hz and 440 Hz are one and two octaves away from 110 Hz because they are +12 (or ) and 4 (or ) times the frequency, respectively.


The number of octaves between two frequencies is given by the formula:

Notation[edit]

Octave of a pitch[edit]

Octaves are identified with various naming systems. Among the most common are the scientific, Helmholtz, organ pipe, and MIDI note systems. In scientific pitch notation, a specific octave is indicated by a numerical subscript number after note name. In this notation, middle C is C4, because of the note's position as the fourth C key on a standard 88-key piano keyboard, while the C an octave higher is C5.

 – Music composition and performance technique

Blind octave

 – Unit for measuring ratios on a logarithmic scale

Decade

 – Standard pitch designation

Eight-foot pitch

 – Frequency band that spans one octave

Octave band

 – Classification of musical key or scale in ancient Greek music theory

Octave species

One-third octave

 – Fixed series of tones that appear to ascend or descend endlessly in pitch

Pitch circularity

Pseudo-octave

 – Musical interval

Pythagorean interval

 – Musical keyboard layout

Short octave

 – Music teaching method

Solfège

Allen, David. 1967. "Octave Discriminability of Musical and Non-Musical Subjects". Psychonomic Science 7:421–22.

Blackwell, H. R., & H. Schlosberg. 1943. "Octave Generalization, Pitch Discrimination, and Loudness Thresholds in the White Rat". 33:407–419.

Journal of Experimental Psychology

Cynx, Jeffrey. 1996. "Neuroethological Studies on How Birds Discriminate Song". In Neuroethology of Cognitive and Perceptual Processes, edited by C. F. Moss and S. J. Shuttleworth, 63. Boulder: Westview Press.

Demany, Laurent, and Françoise Armand. 1984. "The Perceptual Reality of Tone Chroma in Early Infancy". 76:57–66.

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Sergeant, Desmond. 1983. "The Octave: Percept or Concept?" 11, no. 1:3–18.

Psychology of Music

Sources

by Kyle Gann

Anatomy of an Octave