While there is a short-run tradeoff between unemployment and inflation, it has not been observed in the long run.[5] In 1967 and 1968, Friedman and Phelps asserted that the Phillips curve was only applicable in the short run and that, in the long run, inflationary policies would not decrease unemployment.[2][3][4][6] Friedman correctly predicted the Stagflation of the 1970's.[7]


In the 2010s[8] the slope of the Phillips curve appears to have declined and there has been controversy over the usefulness of the Phillips curve in predicting inflation. A 2022 study found that the slope of the Phillips curve is small and was small even during the early 1980s.[9] Nonetheless, the Phillips curve is still used by central banks in understanding and forecasting inflation.[10]

"Understanding Inflation and the Implications for Monetary Policy: A Phillips Curve Retrospective" Archived 2013-08-26 at the Wayback Machine, FRBB Conference Series 53, June 9–11, 2008, Chatham, Massachusetts.

Federal Reserve Bank of Boston

(2011). "The History of the Phillips Curve: Consensus and Bifurcation". Economica. 78 (309): 10–50. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2009.00815.x. S2CID 759217.

Gordon, Robert J.

Herbener, Jeffrey M. (1992). . Dissent on Keynes: A Critical Appraisal of Keynesian Economics. New York: Praeger. pp. 51–71. ISBN 978-0-275-93778-2.

"The Fallacy of the Phillips Curve"

“The Real U.S. Unemployment Rate is Twice the Official Rate, and the Phillips Curve,” Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs 64 (2021) 1: 54-74; CesIfo working paper No 7859, (2019); https://[https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp7859.pdf www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp7859.pdf].

John Komlos

M Friedman, ‘The Role of Monetary Policy’ (1968) 58(1) American Economic Review 1

E McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018)

SSRN, part 2(1)

RD Gabriel, 'Monetary Policy and the Wage Inflation-Unemployment Tradeoff' (2021)

[1]

‘The Relation between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom 1861–1957’ (1958) 25 Economica 283

A. W. Phillips

Qin, Duo (2011). "The Phillips Curve from the Perspective of the History of Econometrics". . 43 (Suppl. 1): 283–308. doi:10.1215/00182702-1158763.

History of Political Economy

by Thomas M. Humphrey. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Review, 1982.

"Of Hume, Thornton, the Quantity Theory, and the Phillips Curve."

Katana VentraIP

Phillips curve

The Phillips curve is an economic model, named after Bill Phillips, that correlates reduced unemployment with increasing wages in an economy.[1] While Phillips did not directly link employment and inflation, this was a trivial deduction from his statistical findings. Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow made the connection explicit and subsequently Milton Friedman[2] and Edmund Phelps[3][4] put the theoretical structure in place.

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