Katana VentraIP

Platonic solid

In geometry, a Platonic solid is a convex, regular polyhedron in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Being a regular polyhedron means that the faces are congruent (identical in shape and size) regular polygons (all angles congruent and all edges congruent), and the same number of faces meet at each vertex. There are only five such polyhedra:

Geometers have studied the Platonic solids for thousands of years.[1] They are named for the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, who hypothesized in one of his dialogues, the Timaeus, that the classical elements were made of these regular solids.[2]

All of its faces are convex regular polygons.

congruent

None of its faces intersect except at their edges.

The same number of faces meet at each of its .

vertices

Geometric properties[edit]

Angles[edit]

There are a number of angles associated with each Platonic solid. The dihedral angle is the interior angle between any two face planes. The dihedral angle, θ, of the solid {p,q} is given by the formula

The tetrahedron is (i.e. its dual is another tetrahedron).

self-dual

The cube and the octahedron form a dual pair.

The dodecahedron and the icosahedron form a dual pair.

Related polyhedra and polytopes[edit]

Uniform polyhedra[edit]

There exist four regular polyhedra that are not convex, called Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra. These all have icosahedral symmetry and may be obtained as stellations of the dodecahedron and the icosahedron.

; Sutcliffe, Paul (2003). "Polyhedra in Physics, Chemistry and Geometry". Milan J. Math. 71: 33–58. arXiv:math-ph/0303071. Bibcode:2003math.ph...3071A. doi:10.1007/s00032-003-0014-1. S2CID 119725110.

Atiyah, Michael

; Merzbach, Uta (1989). A History of Mathematics (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-54397-7.

Boyer, Carl

(1973). Regular Polytopes (3rd ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-61480-8.

Coxeter, H. S. M.

(1956). Heath, Thomas L. (ed.). The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements, Books 10–13 (2nd unabr. ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-60090-4.

Euclid

(1987). The 2nd Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles & Diversions, University of Chicago Press, Chapter 1: The Five Platonic Solids, ISBN 0226282538

Gardner, Martin

E. (1904). Kunstformen der Natur. Available as Haeckel, E. (1998); Art forms in nature, Prestel USA. ISBN 3-7913-1990-6.

Haeckel, Ernst

Strena seu de nive sexangula (On the Six-Cornered Snowflake), 1611 paper by Kepler which discussed the reason for the six-angled shape of the snow crystals and the forms and symmetries in nature. Talks about platonic solids.

Kepler. Johannes

& Maki, K. (1981). "Lattice Textures in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals" (PDF). Fortschritte der Physik. 29 (5): 219–259. Bibcode:1981ForPh..29..219K. doi:10.1002/prop.19810290503.

Kleinert, Hagen

Lloyd, David Robert (2012). "How old are the Platonic Solids?". BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics. 27 (3): 131–140. :10.1080/17498430.2012.670845. S2CID 119544202.

doi

Pugh, Anthony (1976). Polyhedra: A visual approach. California: University of California Press Berkeley.  0-520-03056-7.

ISBN

(1952). Symmetry. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02374-3.

Weyl, Hermann

Wildberg, Christian (1988). . Walter de Gruyter. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9783110104462.

John Philoponus' Criticism of Aristotle's Theory of Aether

Platonic solids at Encyclopaedia of Mathematics

"Platonic solid". MathWorld.

Weisstein, Eric W.

"Isohedron". MathWorld.

Weisstein, Eric W.

of Euclid's Elements.

Book XIII

in Java

Interactive 3D Polyhedra

in Visual Polyhedra

Platonic Solids

is an interactive 3D polyhedron viewer which allows you to save the model in svg, stl or obj format.

Solid Body Viewer

Archived 2007-02-09 at the Wayback Machine in Java

Interactive Folding/Unfolding Platonic Solids

created using nets generated by Stella software

Paper models of the Platonic solids

Free paper models (nets)

Platonic Solids

Grime, James; Steckles, Katie. . Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived from the original on 2018-10-23. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

"Platonic Solids"

student-created models

Teaching Math with Art

teacher instructions for making models

Teaching Math with Art

images of algebraic surfaces

Frames of Platonic Solids

with some formula derivations

Platonic Solids

How to make four platonic solids from a cube