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Principality of Hungary

The Grand Principality of Hungary[1][2] or Duchy of Hungary[3][4] (Hungarian: Magyar Nagyfejedelemség: "Hungarian Grand Principality"[5] Byzantine Greek: Τουρκία) was the earliest documented Hungarian state in the Carpathian Basin, established in 895 or 896,[6][7][8] following the 9th century Magyar invasion of the Carpathian Basin.

This article is about the Hungarian monarchy in the Early Middle Ages. For the principality ruled by Stephen Bocskai in the Early Modern Period, see Stephen Bocskai.

Grand Principality of Hungary
Magyar Nagyfejedelemség (Hungarian)

Esztergom and Székesfehérvár (from the reigns of Taksony and Géza)

GyulaKende sacred diarchy (early)
Tribal confederation

 

c. 895

4–6 July 907

10–12 August 955

997

25 December 1000
or 1 January 1001

The Hungarians, a semi-nomadic people formed a tribal alliance[9][10][11] led by Árpád (founder of the Árpád dynasty) arrived from Etelköz which was their earlier principality east of the Carpathians.[12]


During the period, the power of the Hungarian Grand Prince seemed to be decreasing irrespective of the success of the Hungarian military raids across Europe. The tribal territories, ruled by Hungarian warlords (chieftains), became semi-independent polities (e.g., the domains of Gyula the Younger in Transylvania). These territories were united again only under the rule of St. Stephen. The semi-nomadic Hungarian population adopted settled life. The chiefdom society changed to a state society. Since the second half of the 10th century, Christianity started to spread. The principality was succeeded by the Christian Kingdom of Hungary with the coronation of St Stephen I at Esztergom on Christmas Day 1000 (its alternative date is 1 January 1001).[13][14][15]


The period from 896 to 1000 is called "the age of principality" within Hungarian historiography.[7]

(in Arabic sources) or megas archon (in Byzantine sources), rex (in Latin sources), the Grand Prince of Hungarians (after 907 CE)

Kende

Gyla or djila () or magnus princeps (in western sources), the military leader[55] (second rank),[55] the Grand Prince of Hungarians[55]

gyula

, Kharkhas, the judge[58] (third rank)[55]

Horca

Further theories[edit]

Some historians believe that Prince Árpád's people spoke Turkic and the Magyars had been in the Basin since 680. Their main argument is that the newcomers' cemeteries are too small, indicating that the population was not big enough to make Magyar the dominant language in the Basin. However, it seems that Árpád led the Megyer tribe, and it would be tricky if the Megyer tribe would have spoken Bulgar Turkic. Of course, in principle anything may happen in a symbiosis.[65]

List of Hungarian rulers

Magyar tribes

Seven chieftains of the Magyars

Hungarian mythology

Hunor and Magor

Turul

Old Hungarian script

(PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. 2022. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.

Kings and Saints – The Age of the Árpáds

Kozma, Gábor (Editor); et al. (December 2011). (PDF). The Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Planning of the University of Debrecen; et al. Retrieved 2 June 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help) ISBN 9789638916730

"New Results of Cross-Border Co-operation"