Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)

The Proclamation of the Republic (Portuguese: Proclamação da República), Coup of 1889 (Golpe de 1889), or Coup of the Republic (Golpe da República) was a military coup d'état that established the First Brazilian Republic on November 15, 1889. It took over the constitutional monarchy of the Empire of Brazil and ended the reign of Emperor Pedro II.

The coup took place in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of the Empire at the time, when a group of military officers of the Imperial Army, led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, staged a coup d'état without the use of violence, deposing Emperor Pedro II and the President of the Council of Ministers of the Empire, the Viscount of Ouro Preto.

A provisional government was established that same day, 15th of November, with Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca as President of the Republic and head of the interim Government.

The had no male children, only daughters. The throne would be occupied, after his death, by his eldest daughter, Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, married to a Frenchman, Prince Gaston, Count of Eu, which generated fear among some elites that the country would be ruled by a foreigner.

Emperor Pedro II

The slaveholding agrarian elite resented the , which they considered to be a personal desire of the imperial family.

abolition of slavery

The and republican ideas of Auguste Comte spread among members of the Imperial Brazilian Army, increasing resentment of the monarchy.

positivist

The evolutionists, who admitted that the proclamation of the republic was inevitable, not justifying an armed struggle;

The revolutionists, who defended the possibility of taking up arms to conquer it, with popular mobilization and with social and economic reforms.