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Psychoactive drug

A psychoactive drug, or psychoactive substance, among other names such as psychoactive agent, psychopharmaceutical, and psychotropic drug, is a chemical substance that changes the function of the nervous system and results in alterations of perception, mood, cognition, and behavior.[1]

These substances have various applications, including medical use like psychedelic therapy (including research purposes), recreationally, or for spiritual reasons (for example, by altering one's consciousness, as with entheogens for ritual, spiritual, or shamanic purposes).[2] Some categories of psychoactive drugs may be prescribed by physicians[3] and other healthcare practitioners because of their therapeutic value.


Some psychoactive substances may be used in detoxification and rehabilitation programs for people who may have become dependent upon or addicted to other mind-altering or mood-altering substances.[4] Drug rehabilitation attempts to reduce addiction through a combination of strategies such as psychotherapy, support groups, and sometimes medication such as psychoactive substances.[5]


Psychoactive substances often bring various changes in consciousness and mood that the user may find rewarding and pleasant (e.g., euphoria or a sense of relaxation) or advantageous in an observable or measurable way (e.g., increased alertness).[6] Substances that are rewarding and thus positively reinforcing have the potential to induce a state of addiction – compulsive drug use despite negative consequences.[7] In addition, sustained use of some substances may produce physical or psychological dependence, or both, associated with somatic or psychological-emotional withdrawal states, respectively.[7]


Psychoactive drug misuse, dependence, and addiction have resulted in legal measures and moral debate.[8] Governmental controls on manufacture, supply, and prescription attempt to reduce problematic medical drug use. Ethical concerns have also been raised about the overuse of these drugs clinically and about their marketing by manufacturers.[9] Popular campaigns to decriminalize[10] or legalize the recreational use of certain drugs (e.g., cannabis) are also ongoing.

Terminology[edit]

The term "drug" has become a skunked term; Drugs can have a negative connotation, often associated with illegal substances like cocaine or heroin. This is despite the fact that the terms "drug" and "medicine" are sometimes used interchangeably.[19]


Novel psychoactive substances (NPS)[note 1], also known as "designer drugs" are a category of psychoactive drugs (substances) that are designed to mimic the effects of often illegal drugs, usually in efforts to circumvent existing drug laws.[20]

. Medicinally used to reduce the symptoms of anxiety, and sometimes insomnia.

Anxiolytics

used to treat disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy, and for weight reduction.

Stimulants

used to treat psychotic symptoms, such as those associated with schizophrenia or severe mania, or as adjuncts to relieve clinical depression.

Antipsychotics

used to treat bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder.

Mood stabilizers

used to treat anxiety disorders.

Anxiolytics

used as hypnotics, sedatives, and anesthetics, depending upon dosage.

Depressants

Alcohol

Caffeine

Nicotine

by the WHO

Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence