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Ruhollah Khomeini

Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini[b] (17 May 1900 or 24 September 1902[a] – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian Islamic revolutionary, politician, and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989. He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the Iranian Revolution, which overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and ended the Iranian monarchy.

For other people named Khomeini, see Khomeini (name).

Ruhollah Khomeini

Position established (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as Shah of Iran)

Ruhollah Mostafavi Musavi

(1900-05-17)17 May 1900 or (1902-09-24)24 September 1902[a]
Khomeyn, Sublime State of Persia

(1989-06-03)3 June 1989 (aged 86 or 89)
Tehran, Iran

(m. 1929)

7, including Mostafa, Zahra, Farideh, and Ahmad

Imam Khomeini[5]

Ayatullah al-Uzma Ruhollah Khomeini[5]

Born in Khomeyn, in what is now Iran's Markazi province, his father was murdered in 1903 when Khomeini was two years old. He began studying the Quran and Arabic from a young age and was assisted in his religious studies by his relatives, including his mother's cousin and older brother. Khomeini was a high ranking cleric in Twelver Shi'ism, an ayatollah, a marja' ("source of emulation"), a Mujtahid or faqīh (an expert in sharia), and author of more than 40 books. His opposition to the White Revolution resulted in his state-sponsored expulsion to Bursa in 1964. Nearly a year later, he moved to Najaf, where speeches he gave outlining his religiopolitical theory of Guardianship of the Jurist were complied into Islamic Government.


He was Time magazine's Man of the Year in 1979 for his international influence, and Khomeini has been described as the "virtual face of Shia Islam in Western popular culture", where he was known for his support of the hostage takers during the Iran hostage crisis, his fatwa calling for the murder of British Indian novelist Salman Rushdie, and for referring to the United States as the "Great Satan" and the Soviet Union as the "Lesser Satan". Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's first supreme leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death. Most of his period in power was taken up by the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988. He was succeeded by Ali Khamenei on 4 June 1989.


The subject of a pervasive cult of personality, Khomeini is officially known as Imam Khomeini inside Iran and by his supporters internationally. His funeral was attended by up to 10 million people, or 1/6 of Iran's population, the largest funeral at the time and one of the largest human gatherings in history. In Iran, his gold-domed tomb in Tehran's Behesht-e Zahrāʾ cemetery has become a shrine for his adherents, and he is legally considered "inviolable", with Iranians regularly punished for insulting him. His supporters view him as a champion of Islamic revival, anti-racism and anti-imperialism. Critics accuse him of human rights violations (including his ordering of attacks against demonstrators, execution of thousands of political prisoners, war criminals and prisoners of the Iran–Iraq War), as well as for using child soldiers extensively during the Iran-Iraq war for human wave attacks, estimates are as high as 100,000 for the number of children killed.

That the laws of society should be made up only of the laws of God (), which are sufficient because they cover "all human affairs" and "provide instruction and establish norms" for every "topic" in "human life."[63]

Sharia

Since Shariah, or Islamic law, is the proper law, those holding government posts should have knowledge of Sharia. Since Islamic jurists or faqih have studied and are the most knowledgeable in Sharia, the country's ruler should be a who "surpasses all others in knowledge" of Islamic law and justice,[64] (known as a marja'), as well as having intelligence and administrative ability. Rule by monarchs and/or assemblies of "those claiming to be representatives of the majority of the people" (i.e. elected parliaments and legislatures) has been proclaimed "wrong" by Islam.[65]

faqih

This system of clerical rule is necessary to prevent injustice, corruption, oppression by the powerful over the poor and weak, innovation and deviation of Islam and Sharia law; and also to destroy anti-Islamic influence and conspiracies by non-Muslim foreign powers.

[66]

granddaughter, married to Mohammad Reza Khatami, head of the Islamic Iran Participation Front, the main reformist party in the country, and is considered a pro-reform character herself.

Zahra Eshraghi

Khomeini's elder grandson Sayid Hasan Khomeini, son of the Seyyed Ahmad Khomeini, is a cleric and the trustee of the Mausoleum of Khomeini and also has shown support for the reform movement in Iran,[315] and Mir-Hossein Mousavi's call to cancel the 2009 election results.[314]

Hassan Khomeini

(Sayid Husain Khomeini), Khomeini's other grandson, son of Sayid Mustafa Khomeini, is a mid-level cleric who is strongly against the system of the Islamic republic. In 2003, he was quoted as saying: "Iranians need freedom now, and if they can only achieve it with American interference I think they would welcome it. As an Iranian, I would welcome it."[316] In that same year Husain Khomeini visited the United States, where he met figures such as Reza Pahlavi, the son of the last Shah and the pretender to the Sun Throne. Later that year, Husain returned to Iran after receiving an urgent message from his grandmother. According to Michael Ledeen, quoting "family sources", he was blackmailed into returning.[317] In 2006, he called for an American invasion and overthrow of the Islamic Republic, telling Al-Arabiyah television station viewers, "If you were a prisoner, what would you do? I want someone to break the prison [doors open].[318]

Husain Khomeini

Another of Khomeini's grandchildren, Ali Eshraghi, was disqualified from the 2008 parliamentary elections on grounds of being insufficiently loyal to the principles of the Islamic revolution, but later reinstated.

[319]

In 1929[303][304] (or possibly 1931),[305] Khomeini married Khadijeh Saqafi,[306] the daughter of a cleric in Tehran. Some sources claim that Khomeini married Saqafi when she was ten years old,[307][308][309] while others claim she was fifteen years old.[310] By all accounts their marriage was harmonious and happy.[306] She died on 21 March 2009, at the age of 93.[305][311] They had seven children, though only five survived infancy. His daughters all married into either merchant or clerical families, and both his sons entered into religious life. Mostafa, the elder son, died in 1977 while in exile in Najaf, Iraq with his father and was rumored by supporters of his father to have been murdered by SAVAK.[312] Ahmad Khomeini, who died in 1995 at the age of 50, was also rumoured to be a victim of foul play, but at the hands of the regime.[313] Perhaps his "most prominent daughter",[314] Zahra Mostafavi, is a professor at the University of Tehran, and still alive.


Khomeini's fifteen grandchildren include:

(Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist)

Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih

The Little Green Book: A sort of manifesto of Khomeini's political thought

[322] (Forty Traditions)

Forty Hadith

Adab as Salat (The Disciplines of Prayers)

[323]

[324] (The Greater Struggle)

Jihade Akbar

Tahrir al-Wasilah

Kashf al-Asrar

Khomeini was a writer and speaker (200 of his books are online)[320] who authored commentaries on the Qur'an, on Islamic jurisprudence, the roots of Islamic law, and Islamic traditions. He also released books about philosophy, gnosticism, poetry, literature, government and politics.[321]


His books include:

Khomeinism

Political thought and legacy of Ruhollah Khomeini

(book by Khomeini)

Islamic Government

Muhammad Kazim Khurasani

Mirza Husayn Tehrani

Abdallah Mazandarani

Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi

Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai

Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani

Fazlullah Nouri

Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim

Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr

Islamic fundamentalism in Iran

Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order

Exiles of Imam Khomeini

Ideocracy

List of cults of personality

Ruhollah Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev

Ruhollah Khomeini's residency (Jamaran)

1979 Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory

Imam Khomeini's Official Website

(Free Press TV documentary)

Documentary: Imam Khomeini P1

(English Subtitles – Press TV Documentary)

Imam Khomeini – Reformer of the Century

The New York Times article on Khomeini's poetry

on YouTube

Documentary about the life of Ruhollah Khomeini

on YouTube

Documentary: The man who changed the world

on YouTube

Documentary: I knew Khomeini

Rouhollah Khomeini's Website

Who Is Imam Khomeini?