Katana VentraIP

Ruhr

The Ruhr (/ˈrʊər/ ROOR; German: Ruhrgebiet [ˈʁuːɐ̯ɡəˌbiːt] , also Ruhrpott German pronunciation: [ˈʁuːɐ̯pɔt] ), also referred to as the Ruhr area, sometimes Ruhr district, Ruhr region, or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.[a] With a population density of 2,800/km2 and a population of over 5 million (2017),[3] it is the largest urban area in Germany and the third of the European Union. It consists of several large cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to the north. In the southwest it borders the Bergisches Land. It is considered part of the larger Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region of more than 10 million people, which is the third largest in Western Europe, behind only London and Paris.

This article is about the urban area. For the namesake river, see Ruhr (river). For other uses, see Ruhr (disambiguation).

Ruhr
Ruhrgebiet

Regionalverband Ruhr

4,435 km2 (1,712 sq mi)

441 m (1,447 ft)

13 m (43 ft)

5,147,820

1,160/km2 (3,000/sq mi)

10,680,783

€169.7 billion (2020)

The Ruhr cities are, from west to east: Duisburg, Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Herne, Hagen, Dortmund, Hamm and the districts of Wesel, Recklinghausen, Unna and Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis. The most populous cities are Dortmund (with a population of approximately 612,065),[4] Essen (about 583,000) and Duisburg (about 497,000).


In the Middle Ages, the Hellweg was an important trade route from the region of the Lower Rhine to the mountains of the Teutoburg Forest. The most important towns of the region from Duisburg to the imperial city of Dortmund were concentrated along the Hellweg from the Rhineland to Westphalia. Since the 19th century, these cities have grown together into a large complex with a vast industrial landscape, inhabited by some 7.3 million people (including Düsseldorf and Wuppertal, large cities that are nearby but officially not part of the Ruhr area).


The Ruhr area has no administrative centre; each city in the area has its own administration, although there is a supracommunal Ruhr Regional Association institution in Essen.[5] For 2010, the Ruhr region was one of the European Capitals of Culture.[6][7]

WWII Ruhr Bombing Operations

Schauspielhaus Bochum

Opernhaus Dortmund

Theater Dortmund

Theater Oberhausen

at Duisburg

German Opera on the Rhine

Theater Essen

at Essen

Grillo-Theater

The Industrial Heritage Trail (German: Route der Industriekultur) links tourist attractions related to the European Route of Industrial Heritage in the Ruhr area.


Ruhr is known for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation. Ruhr has three major opera houses and more than 10 theaters and stages.


There are special classical music halls like the Bochumer Symphoniker, the Duisburg Mercatorhalle, the Saalbau Essen or the Dortmunder Philharmoniker. Each year in spring time, there is the Klavier-Festival Ruhr in the Ruhr area with 50 to 80 events of classical and jazz music.


With more than 50 museums, Ruhr has one of the largest variety of museums in Europe.


Industrial Museum


The city of Essen (representing the Ruhr) was selected as European Capital of Culture for 2010 by the Council of the European Union.


In association football, the Revierderby is the rivalry between Borussia Dortmund and FC Schalke 04, and to a lesser extent between either club and/or VfL Bochum, MSV Duisburg or Rot-Weiss Essen (kleines Revierderby).

Ruhr University Bochum

University of Duisburg-Essen

Technical University of Dortmund

Folkwang University of the Arts

Witten/Herdecke University

Transport[edit]

Public transport[edit]

With the exception of public transport companies serving Hamm and Kreis Unna, all such companies in the Ruhr region are run under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr, which provides a uniform ticket system valid for the entire area. The Ruhr region is well-integrated into the national rail system, the Deutsche Bahn, for both passenger and goods services, each city in the region has at least one train stations. The bigger central stations have hourly direct connections to the bigger European cities as Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris, Vienna or Zürich.


The Ruhr area also contains the longest tram system in the world, with tram and Stadtbahn services from Witten to Krefeld as well as the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn network. Originally the system was even bigger, it was possible to travel from Unna to Bad Honnef without using railway or bus services.

Road transport[edit]

The Ruhr has one of the densest motorway networks in all of Europe, with dozens of Autobahns and similar Schnellstraßen (expressways) crossing the region. The Autobahn network is built in a grid network, with four east–west (A2, A40, A42, A44) and seven north–south (A1, A3, A43, A45, A52, A57, A59) routes. The A1, A2 and A3 are mostly used by through traffic, while the other autobahns have a more regional function.


Both the A44 and the A52 have several missing links, in various stages of planning. Some missing sections are currently in construction or planned to be constructed in the near future.


Additional expressways serve as bypasses and local routes, especially around Dortmund and Bochum. Due to the density of the autobahns and expressways, Bundesstraßen are less important for intercity traffic. The first Autobahns in the Ruhr opened during the mid-1930s. Due to the density of the network, and the number of alternative routes, traffic volumes are generally lower than other major metropolitan areas in Europe. Traffic congestion is an everyday occurrence, but far less so than in the Randstad in the Netherlands, another polycentric urban area. Most important Autobahns have six lanes, but there are no eight-lane Autobahns in the Ruhr.

Air transport[edit]

Düsseldorf Airport is the intercontinental airport for North Rhine-Westphalia and is within 20 km of most of the Western Ruhr area. It is served by the Düsseldorf Flughafen and Düsseldorf Flughafen Terminal railway stations, with its several parking lots, terminals and stations being connected by the Skytrain.


Dortmund Airport in the Eastern Ruhr is a mid-sized airport, offering scheduled flights to domestic and European destinations and its approximately 1.9 million passengers in 2013. Dortmund Airport is served by an express bus to Dortmund main station, a shuttle bus to the nearby railway station Holzwickede/Dortmund Flughafen, a bus connecting to Stadtbahn line U47, as well as a bus to the city of Unna.

Metropolitan regions in Germany

(1923–1924)

Occupation of the Ruhr

Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region

Ruhr pocket

Ruhrpolen

Katowice urban area

Metropolis GZM

Upper Silesian Coal Basin

Botting, Douglas (1985), , New York: Crown Publishing, ISBN 978-0-517-55865-2

From the Ruins of the Reich: Germany 1945–1949

Dickinson, Robert E. (1945), The Regions of Germany, vol. 7, London: Routledge, p. 

70

French Directorate for Economic Affairs (8 September 1945),

Memorandum on the separation of the German industrial regions

Gareau, Frederick H. (June 1961), "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany", Western Political Quarterly, 14 (2): 517–53, :10.2307/443604, JSTOR 443604

doi

GI staff (1966), German International, vol. 10, p. 30

Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan; Mango, Anthony (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F, p. 1970

Lane, Kathryn (2001), Germany: The Land, p. 24

Levine, Alan J (1992), , The Strategic Bombing of Germany: 1940–1945 (illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 172–174, ISBN 9780275943196

"Second Battle of the Ruhr"

Yoder, Amos (July 1955), "The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem", Review of Politics, 17 (3): 345–358, :10.1017/s0034670500014261, JSTOR 1404797, S2CID 145465919

doi

Kift, Roy, (3rd ed., 2008) (ISBN 3-88474-815-7) Klartext Verlag, Essen

Tour the Ruhr: The English language guide

Berndt, Christian. Corporate Germany between Globalization and Regional Place Dependence: Business Restructuring in the Ruhr Area (2001)

Crew, David. Town in the Ruhr: A Social History of Bochum, 1860–1914 (1979) ( 0231043007)

ISBN

Fischer, Conan. The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924 (2003)

Gillingham, John. "Ruhr Coal Miners and Hitler's War", Journal of Social History Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer, 1982), pp. 637–653 * Chauncy D. Harris, "The Ruhr Coal-mining District", Geographical Review, 36 (1946), 194–221.

in JSTOR

Gillingham, John. Industry and Politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr Coal, Hitler, and Europe (1985) ( 0231062605)

ISBN

Pounds, Norman J. G. "The Ruhr Area: A Problem in Definition," Geography 36#3 (1951), pp. 165–178.

online

Pounds, Norman J. G. The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and Economic Geography

(1952) online

Pierenkemper, Toni. "Entrepreneurs in Heavy Industry: Upper Silesia and the Westphalian Ruhr Region, 1852 to 1913", Business History Review Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp. 65–78

in JSTOR

Royal Jae Schmidt. Versailles and the Ruhr: Seedbed of World War II (1968)

Spencer, Elaine Glovka. "Employer Response to Unionism: Ruhr Coal Industrialists before 1914," Journal of Modern History Vol. 48, No. 3 (Sep., 1976), pp. 397–412

in JSTOR

Spencer, Elaine Glovka. Management and Labor in Imperial Germany: Ruhr Industrialists as Employers, 1896–1914. Rutgers University Press.

(1984) online

Todd, Edmund N. "Industry, State, and Electrical Technology in the Ruhr Circa 1900", Osiris 2nd Series, Vol. 5, (1989), pp. 242–259

in JSTOR

Ruhr Tourism

Post-Surrender Program for Germany (September 1944)

Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine

Ruhr Delegation of the United States of America, Council of Foreign Ministers American Embassy Moscow, March 24, 1947

Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine

Draft, The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report 3, March, 1947; OF 950B: Economic Mission as to Food…; Truman Papers.

Describes the contest for the Ruhr and Saar over the centuries.

France, Germany and the Struggle for the War-making Natural Resources of the Rhineland

Ruhrgebietsbilder: Photos about the Ruhr