Katana VentraIP

Russian colonization of North America

From 1732 to 1867, the Russian Empire laid claim to northern Pacific Coast territories in the Americas. Russian colonial possessions in the Americas are collectively known as Russian America (Russian: Русская Америка, romanizedRusskaya Amerika; 1799 to 1867). It consisted mostly of present-day Alaska in the United States, but also included the outpost of Fort Ross in California, and three forts in Hawaii, including Russian Fort Elizabeth. Russian Creole settlements were concentrated in Alaska, including the capital, New Archangel (Novo-Arkhangelsk), which is now Sitka.

Russian America
Русская Америка
Russkaya Amerika

 

15 July 1741

18 October 1867

Russian expansion eastward began in 1552, and in 1639 Russian explorers reached the Pacific Ocean. In 1725, Emperor Peter the Great ordered navigator Vitus Bering to explore the North Pacific for potential colonization. The Russians were primarily interested in the abundance of fur-bearing mammals on Alaska's coast, as stocks had been depleted by overhunting in Siberia. Bering's first voyage was foiled by thick fog and ice, but in 1741 a second voyage by Bering and Aleksei Chirikov made sight of the North American mainland. Bering claimed the Alaskan country for the Russian Empire.[1] Russia later confirmed its rule over the territory with the Ukase of 1799 which established the southern border of Russian America along the 55th parallel north.[2] The decree also provided monopolistic privileges to the state-sponsored Russian-American Company and established the Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska.


Russian promyshlenniki (trappers and hunters) quickly developed the maritime fur trade, which instigated several conflicts between the Aleuts and Russians in the 1760s. The fur trade proved to be a lucrative enterprise, capturing the attention of other European nations. In response to potential competitors, the Russians extended their claims eastward from the Commander Islands to the shores of Alaska. In 1784, with encouragement from Empress Catherine the Great, explorer Grigory Shelekhov founded Russia's first permanent settlement in Alaska at Three Saints Bay. Ten years later, the first group of Orthodox Christian missionaries began to arrive, evangelizing thousands of Native Americans, many of whose descendants continue to maintain the religion.[3] By the late 1780s, trade relations had opened with the Tlingits, and in 1799 the Russian-American Company (RAC) was formed in order to monopolize the fur trade, also serving as an imperialist vehicle for the Russification of Alaska Natives.


Angered by encroachment on their land and other grievances, the indigenous peoples' relations with the Russians deteriorated. In 1802, Tlingit warriors destroyed several Russian settlements, most notably Redoubt Saint Michael (Old Sitka), leaving New Russia as the only remaining outpost on mainland Alaska. This failed to expel the Russians, who reestablished their presence two years later following the Battle of Sitka. (Peace negotiations between the Russians and Native Americans would later establish a modus vivendi, a situation that, with few interruptions, lasted for the duration of Russian presence in Alaska.) In 1808, Redoubt Saint Michael was rebuilt as New Archangel and became the capital of Russian America after the previous colonial headquarters were moved from Kodiak. A year later, the RAC began expanding its operations to more abundant sea otter grounds in Northern California, where Fort Ross was built in 1812.


By the middle of the 19th century, profits from Russia's North American colonies were in steep decline. Competition with the British Hudson's Bay Company had brought the sea otter to near extinction, while the population of bears, wolves, and foxes on land was also nearing depletion. Faced with the reality of periodic Native American revolts, the political ramifications of the Crimean War, and unable to fully colonize the Americas to their satisfaction, the Russians concluded that their North American colonies were too expensive to retain. Eager to release themselves of the burden, the Russians sold Fort Ross in 1841, and in 1867, after less than a month of negotiations, the United States accepted Emperor Alexander II's offer to sell Alaska. The purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million (equivalent to $157 million in 2023) ended Imperial Russia's colonial presence in the Americas.

Unalaska, Alaska

Fort Ross, California

Fort Elizabeth

Legacy[edit]

The Soviet Union (USSR) released a series of commemorative coins in 1990 and 1991 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the first sighting of and claiming domain over AlaskaRussian America. The commemoration consisted of a silver coin, a platinum coin and two palladium coins in both years.


At the beginning of the 21st century, a resurgence of Russian ultra nationalism has spurred regret and recrimination over the sale of Alaska to the United States.[25][26][27] There are periodic mass media stories in the Russian Federation that Alaska was not sold to the United States in the 1867 Alaska Purchase, but only leased for 99 years (= to 1966), or 150 years (= to 2017)—and would be returned to Russia.[28] During the war in Ukraine claims gained again in Russian media. Those claims of illegitimacy derive from wrong or misleading interpretations of a policy of the Russian Federation to re-acquire formerly held properties.[29] The Alaska Purchase Treaty is absolutely clear that the agreement was for a complete Russian cession of the territory.[30][31] Not the purchase from the Russian Empire, but the legitimacy of colonial rule altogether has been an issue of the Alaskan Native American peoples in their struggle to democracy and indigenous rights.[32]

– 1774

Unalaska, Alaska

Alaska – 1784

Three Saints Bay

Fort St. George in – 1786

Kasilof, Alaska

– 1788

St. Paul, Alaska

Fort St. Nicholas in – 1791

Kenai, Alaska

(now Kodiak) – 1791

Pavlovskaya, Alaska

Fort Saints Constantine and Helen on Nuchek Island, Alaska – 1793

Fort on , Alaska – 1793

Hinchinbrook Island

near present-day Yakutat, Alaska – 1796

New Russia

near Sitka – 1799

Redoubt St. Archangel Michael, Alaska

(now Sitka) – 1804

Novo-Arkhangelsk, Alaska

– 1812

Fort Ross, California

near Waimea, Kaua'i, Hawai'i – 1817

Fort Elizabeth

near Hanalei, Kaua'i, Hawai'i – 1817

Fort Alexander

Fort Barclay-de-Tolly near Hanalei, Kaua'i, Hawai'i – 1817

Fort (New) Alexandrovsk at , Alaska – 1819

Bristol Bay

– 1832

Kolmakov Redoubt, Alaska

– 1833

Redoubt St. Michael, Alaska

– 1834

Nulato, Alaska

in present-day Wrangell, Alaska (now Fort Stikine) – 1834

Redoubt St. Dionysius

– 1837

Pokrovskaya Mission, Alaska

– 1847

Ninilchik, Alaska

Juana Maria

Peter the Aleut

Jacob Netsvetov

Grinëv, Andrei V. "Natives and Creoles of Alaska in the maritime service in Russian America." The Historian 82.3 (2020): 328–345.

online

The Tlingit Indians in Russian America, 1741–1867, Andreĭ Valʹterovich Grinev (GoogleBooks)

Luehrmann, Sonja. Alutiiq villages under Russian and US rule (University of Alaska Press, 2008.)

Smith-Peter, Susan (2013). ""A Class of People Admitted to the Better Ranks": The First Generation of Creoles in Russian America, 1810s–1820s". Ethnohistory. 60 (3): 363–384. :10.1215/00141801-2140758.

doi

Savelev, Ivan. "Patterns in the Adoption of Russian Linguistic and National Traditions by Alaskan Natives." International Conference on European Multilingualism: Shaping Sustainable Educational and Social Environment EMSSESE, 2019. (Atlantis Press, 2019).

online

The Russian-American Treaty of 1867

Official Website of Fort Ross State Historic Park

Fort Ross Cultural History Fort Ross Interpretive Association