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Serbian language

Serbian (српски / srpski, pronounced [sr̩̂pskiː]) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs.[8][9][10][11][12][13] It is the official and national language of Serbia, one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and co-official in Montenegro and Kosovo. It is a recognized minority language in Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic.

Not to be confused with the Sorbian languages.

Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian (more specifically on the dialects of Šumadija-Vojvodina and Eastern Herzegovina),[14] which is also the basis of standard Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin varieties[15] and therefore the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Montenegrins was issued in 2017.[16][17] The other dialect spoken by Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian.


Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionally digraphic,[18] using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić, who created it based on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet used for Serbian (latinica) was designed by the Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s based on the Czech system with a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in a parallel system.[19]

: 6,540,699 (official language)

Serbia

: 1,086,027[24] (co-official language)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

: 568,240

Germany

: 350,000

Austria

: 265,890 (language in official use)

Montenegro

: 186,000

Switzerland

: 172,874

United States

: 120,000

Sweden

: 106,498[25]

Italy

: est. 70.000–100.000[26][27] (co-official language)

Kosovo

: 72,690[28]

Canada

: 55,114[29][30]

Australia

: 52,879[31] (recognized minority language)

Croatia

: 38,964

Slovenia

: 24,773 (recognized minority language)

North Macedonia

: 22,518 (recognized minority language)

Romania

Cyrillic order called Azbuka (азбука): А Б В Г Д Ђ Е Ж З И Ј К Л Љ М Н Њ О П Р С Т Ћ У Ф Х Ц Ч Џ Ш

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Vocative

Instrumental

Locative

(Ekavian, Neo-Shtokavian): central and northern Serbia

Šumadija–Vojvodina

(Ijekavian, Neo-Shtokavian): southwestern Serbia, western half of Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia

Eastern Herzegovinian

(Ekavian, Old-Shtokavian): eastern central Serbia, central Kosovo

Kosovo–Resava

(Ekavian, Old-Shtokavian): east-central Serbia

Smederevo–Vršac

(transitional Torlakian): southeastern Serbia, southern Kosovo

Prizren–Timok

(Ijekavian, Old-Shtokavian): eastern half of Montenegro, southwestern Serbia

Zeta–Raška

The dialects of Serbo-Croatian, regarded Serbian (traditionally spoken in Serbia), include:

(Rečnik srpskohrvatskog književnog i narodnog jezika) is the biggest dictionary of Serbian (and Serbo-Croatian as a whole) and still unfinished. Starting in 1959, 21 volumes were published as of 2020 and about 40 are expected by the time it is finished.

Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary and Vernacular Language

Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary Language (Rečnik srpskohrvatskoga književnog jezika) in six volumes in 1967–1976, started as a common project of (published in Cyrillic) and Matica hrvatska (published in Latin). Only the first three volumes were published by Matica hrvatska due to negative feedback from Croatian linguists.

Matica srpska

Dictionary of the Serbian language (Rečnik srpskoga jezika;  978-86-7946-004-2) in one volume, published in 2007 by Matica srpska, which on more than 1500 pages in A4 format explains more than 85,000 entries.

ISBN

(from Wiktionary's Appendix:Swadesh lists)

Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words

 – an article by linguist Pavle Ivić at Project Rastko

Standard language as an instrument of culture and the product of national history

Archived 2008-12-29 at the Wayback Machine

A Basic Serbian Phrasebook