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Social media

Social media are interactive technologies that facilitate the creation, sharing and aggregation of content, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks.[1][2] Social media refer to new forms of media that involve interactive participation. While challenges to the definition of social media arise[3][4] due to the variety of stand-alone and built-in social media services currently available, there are some common features:[2]

The term social in regard to media suggests that platforms are user-centric and enable communal activity. As such, social media can be viewed as online facilitators or enhancers of human networks—webs of individuals who enhance social connectivity.[8]


Users usually access social media services through web-based apps on desktops or services that offer social media functionality to their mobile devices (e.g. smartphones and tablets). As users engage with these online services, they create highly interactive platforms in which individuals, communities, and organizations can share, co-create, discuss, participate, and modify user-generated or self-curated content posted online.[9][7][1] Additionally, social media are used to document memories, learn about and explore things, do self promotion and form friendships along with promotion of ideas through blogs, podcasts, videos, and gaming sites.[10]


The change in relationship between humans and technology is the focus of the emerging field of technoself studies.[11] Some of the most popular social media platforms, with more than 100 million registered users, include Twitter, Facebook (and its associated Messenger), WeChat, ShareChat, Instagram (and its associated app Threads), QZone, Weibo, VK, Tumblr, Baidu Tieba, and LinkedIn. Depending on interpretation, other popular platforms that are sometimes referred to as social media services include YouTube, Letterboxd, QQ, Quora, Telegram, WhatsApp, Signal, LINE, Snapchat, Pinterest, Viber, Reddit, Discord, TikTok, Microsoft Teams, and more. Wikis are examples of collaborative content creation.


Social media outlets differ from traditional media (e.g. print magazines and newspapers, TV, and radio broadcasting) in many ways, including quality,[12] reach, frequency, usability, relevancy, and permanence.[13] Additionally, social media outlets operate in a dialogic transmission system (i.e., many sources to many receivers) while traditional media outlets operate under a monologic transmission model (i.e., one source to many receivers). For instance, a newspaper is delivered to many subscribers, and a radio station broadcasts the same programs to an entire city.[14]


Since the dramatic expansion of the Internet, digital media or digital rhetoric can be used to represent or identify a culture. Studying the rhetoric that exists in the digital environment has become a crucial new process for many scholars.


Observers have noted a wide range of positive and negative impacts when it comes to the use of social media. Social media can help to improve an individual's sense of connectedness with real or online communities and can be an effective communication (or marketing) tool for corporations, entrepreneurs, non-profit organizations, advocacy groups, political parties, and governments. Observers have also seen that there has been a rise in social movements using social media as a tool for communicating and organizing in times of political unrest.


Social media can also be used to read or share news, whether it is true or false.

(ex. HuffPost, Boing Boing)

Blogs

(ex. LinkedIn, XING)

Business networks

(ex. Mozilla)

Collaborative projects

(ex. Yammer, Socialcast)

Enterprise social networks

(ex. Gaia Online, IGN)

Forums

(ex. Twitter, Tumblr)

Microblogs

(ex. Flickr, Photobucket)

Photo sharing

(ex. Amazon, Upwork)

Products/services review

(ex. Delicious, Pinterest)

Social bookmarking

(ex. Mafia Wars, World of Warcraft)

Social gaming

(ex. Facebook, Google+)

Social network sites

(ex. YouTube, Vimeo)

Video sharing

(ex. Second Life, Twinity)

Virtual worlds

Use by organizations

Governments

Governments may use social media to (for example):[78]

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"The Impact of Social Media use on Academic Performance among university students: A Pilot Study"

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ISBN

(2006). The Wealth of Networks. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11056-2. OCLC 61881089.

Benkler, Yochai

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doi

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ProQuest

(2014). Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London: Sage. ISBN 978-1-4462-5731-9.

Fuchs, Christian

Gentle, Anne (2012). Conversation and Community: The Social Web for Documentation (2nd ed.). Laguna Hills, CA: XML Press.  978-1-937434-10-6. OCLC 794490599.

ISBN

(2005). Everything Bad Is Good for You. New York: Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1-57322-307-2. OCLC 57514882.

Johnson, Steven Berlin

Jordan, Kasteler (2017). .

"How to use SEO data in your social media strategy"

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Social media at work : how networking tools propel organizational performance

Lardi, Kamales; Fuchs, Rainer (2013). Social Media Strategy – A step-by-step guide to building your social business (1st ed.). Zurich: vdf.  978-3-7281-3557-5.

ISBN

Li, Charlene; Bernoff, Josh (2008). . Boston: Harvard Business Press. ISBN 978-1-4221-2500-7. OCLC 423555651.

Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies

Mateus, Samuel (2012). . Observatorio (OBS*) Journal (Special Issue). doi:10.15847/obsOBS000605. hdl:10400.13/2918. S2CID 142933378.

"Social Networks Scopophilic dimension – social belonging through spectatorship"

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Navigating Social Media Legal Risks: Safeguarding Your Business

(2014). A Social Strategy: How We Profit from Social Media. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15339-1.

Piskorski, Mikołaj Jan

Powell, Guy R.; Groves, Steven W.; Dimos, Jerry (2011). . New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-82741-3. OCLC 0470827416.

ROI of Social Media: How to improve the return on your social marketing investment

Rheingold, Howard (2002). (1st printing ed.). Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-7382-0608-0.

Smart mobs: The next social revolution

Schoen, Harald; Gayo-Avello, Daniel; Takis Metaxas, Panagiotis; Mustafaraj, Eni; Strohmaier, Markus; Gloor, Peter (2013). "The power of prediction with social media". Internet Research. 23 (5): 528–543.  10.1.1.460.3885. doi:10.1108/IntR-06-2013-0115.

CiteSeerX

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Society, Regulation and Governance

; Israel, Shel (2006). Naked Conversations: How Blogs are Changing the Way Businesses Talk with Customers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-74719-2. OCLC 61757953.

Scoble, Robert

(2008). Here Comes Everybody. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0. OCLC 458788924.

Shirky, Clay

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"How Social Media Affects Our Relationships"

(2004). The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-72170-7. OCLC 156770258.

Surowiecki, James

; Williams, Anthony D. (2006). Wikinomics. New York: Portfolio. ISBN 978-1-59184-138-8. OCLC 318389282.

Tapscott, Don

Tedesco, Laura Anne (October 2000). . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

"Lascaux (ca. 15,000 B.C.)"

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ISBN

Media related to Social media at Wikimedia Commons