Katana VentraIP

Extravehicular activity

Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity done by an astronaut in outer space outside a spacecraft. In the absence of a breathable Earthlike atmosphere, the astronaut is completely reliant on a space suit for environmental support. EVA includes spacewalks and lunar or planetary surface exploration (commonly known from 1969 to 1972 as moonwalks). In a stand-up EVA (SEVA), an astronaut stands through an open hatch but does not fully leave the spacecraft.[1] EVAs have been conducted by the Soviet Union/Russia, the United States, Canada, the European Space Agency and China.

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Katana VentraIP

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"Spacewalk" redirects here. For other uses, see Spacewalk (disambiguation).

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On March 18, 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to perform a spacewalk, exiting the Voskhod 2 capsule for 12 minutes and 9 seconds. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to perform a moonwalk, outside his lunar lander on Apollo 11 for 2 hours and 31 minutes. In 1984, Svetlana Savitskaya became the first woman to perform a spacewalk, conducting EVA outside the Salyut 7 space station for 3 hours and 35 minutes. On the last three Moon missions, astronauts also performed deep-space EVAs on the return to Earth, to retrieve film canisters from the outside of the spacecraft. American Astronauts Pete Conrad, Joseph Kerwin, and Paul Weitz also used EVA in 1973 to repair launch damage to Skylab, the United States' first space station.


EVAs may be either tethered (the astronaut is connected to the spacecraft; oxygen and electrical power can be supplied through an umbilical cable; no propulsion is needed to return to the spacecraft), or untethered. Untethered spacewalks were only performed on three missions in 1984 using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), and on a flight test in 1994 of the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER), a safety device worn on tethered U.S. EVAs.

Camp-out procedure[edit]

For EVAs from the International Space Station, NASA employed a camp-out procedure to reduce the risk of decompression sickness.[28] This was first tested by the Expedition 12 crew. During a camp-out, astronauts sleep overnight in the airlock prior to an EVA, lowering the air pressure to 10.2 psi (70 kPa), compared to the normal station pressure of 14.7 psi (101 kPa).[28] Spending a night at the lower air pressure helps flush nitrogen from the body, thereby preventing "the bends".[29][30] More recently astronauts have been using the In-Suit Light Exercise protocol rather than camp-out to prevent decompression sickness.[31][32]

Designations[edit]

NASA "spacewalkers" during the Space Shuttle program were designated as EV-1, EV-2, EV-3 and EV-4 (assigned to mission specialists for each mission, if applicable).[26][27]

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The first untethered spacewalk was made by American on February 7, 1984, during the Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-41-B, using the Manned Maneuvering Unit. He was subsequently joined by Robert L. Stewart during the 5-hour, 55-minute spacewalk. A self-contained spacewalk was first attempted by Eugene Cernan in 1966 on Gemini 9A, but Cernan could not reach the maneuvering unit without tiring.

Bruce McCandless II

The first metalwork in open space, consisting of welding, brazing and metal spraying, was conducted by Soviet cosmonauts and Vladimir Dzhanibekov on July 25, 1984. A specially designed multipurpose tool was used to perform these activities during a 3-hour, 30-minute EVA outside the Salyut 7 space station.[11][12][13]

Svetlana Savitskaya

The first three-person EVA was performed on May 13, 1992, as the third EVA of , the maiden flight of Endeavour.[14] Pierre Thuot, Richard Hieb, and Thomas Akers conducted the EVA to hand-capture and repair a non-functional Intelsat VI-F3 satellite. As of 2021 it was the only three-person EVA.[15]

STS-49

The first EVA to perform an was by American Steve Robinson on August 3, 2005, during "Return to Flight" mission STS-114. Robinson was sent to remove two protruding gap fillers from Discovery's heat shield, after engineers determined there was a small chance they could affect the shuttle upon re-entry. Robinson successfully removed the loose material while Discovery was docked to the International Space Station.

in-flight repair of the Space Shuttle

The longest EVA performed as of January 2022, was 8 hours and 56 minutes, performed by and James S. Voss on March 11, 2001.[16]

Susan Helms

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NASA JSC Oral History Project Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology PDF document.

Astronaut space walk picture

NASDA Online Space Notes

Apollo Extravehicular mobility unit. Volume 1: System description – 1971 (PDF document)

Apollo Extravehicular mobility unit. Volume 2: Operational procedures – 1971 (PDF document)

Skylab Extravehicular Activity Development Report – 1974 (PDF document)

Analysis of the Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit – 1986 (PDF document)

NASA Space Shuttle EVA tools and equipment reference book – 1993 (PDF document)

Preparing for an American EVA on the ISS – 2006