System-of-systems topics[edit]

The system-of-systems approach[edit]

While the individual systems constituting a system of systems can be very different and operate independently, their interactions typically expose and deliver important emergent properties. These emergent patterns have an evolving nature that stakeholders must recognize, analyze and understand. The system of systems approach does not advocate particular tools, methods or practices; instead, it promotes a new way of thinking for solving grand challenges where the interactions of technology, policy, and economics are the primary drivers. System of systems study is related to the general study of designing, complexity and systems engineering, but also brings to the fore the additional challenge of design.

Systems of systems typically exhibit the behaviors of complex systems, but not all complex problems fall in the realm of systems of systems. Inherent to system of systems problems are several combinations of traits, not all of which are exhibited by every such problem:^[11]^[12]

Universities working on system of systems problems, including Purdue University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, Old Dominion University, George Mason University, the University of New Mexico, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Naval Postgraduate School and Carnegie Mellon University.

Corporations active in this area of research such as , Airbus, BAE Systems, Northrop Grumman, Boeing, Raytheon, Thales Group, CAE Inc., Altair Engineering, Saber Astronautics and Lockheed Martin.

The MITRE Corporation

Government agencies that perform and support research in systems of systems research and applications, such as , the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, NASA and Department of Defense (DoD)

DARPA

Collaboration among wide array of organizations is helping to drive development of defining system of systems problem class and methodology for modeling and analysis of system of systems problems. There are ongoing projects throughout many commercial entities, research institutions, academic programs, and government agences.

Major stakeholders in the development of this concept are:

For example, DoD recently established the National Centers for System of Systems Engineering^[24] to develop a formal methodology for system-of-systems engineering for applications in defense-related projects.

In another example, according to the Exploration Systems Architecture Study, NASA established the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) organization to lead the development of a new exploration "system-of-systems" to accomplish the goals outlined by President G.W. Bush in the 2004 Vision for Space Exploration.

A number of research projects and support actions, sponsored by the European Commission, were performed in the Seventh Framework Programme. These target Strategic Objective IST-2011.3.3 in the FP7 ICT Work Programme (New paradigms for embedded systems, monitoring and control towards complex systems engineering). This objective had a specific focus on the "design, development and engineering of System-of-Systems". These projects included:

Ongoing European projects which are using a System of Systems approach include:

Inheritance

Software library

Object-oriented programming

Model-based systems engineering

Enterprise systems engineering

Complex adaptive system

Systems architecture

Process architecture

Software architecture

Enterprise architecture

Ultra-large-scale systems

Department of Defense Architecture Framework

New Cybernetics

et al. (2004) "The Characteristics and Emerging Behaviors of System-of-Systems" in: NECSI: Complex Physical, Biological and Social Systems Project, January 7, 2004.

Yaneer Bar-Yam

(1954) "General Systems Theory - The Skeleton of Science," Management Science, Vol. 2, No. 3, ABI/INFORM Global, pp. 197–208.

Kenneth E. Boulding

Crossley, W.A., , Introduction of Purdue University Schools of Engineering's Signature Area.

System-of-Systems:

Mittal, S., Martin, J.L.R. (2013) , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

Netcentric System of Systems Engineering with DEVS Unified Process

DeLaurentis, D. "Understanding Transportation as a System of Systems Design Problem," 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 10–13, 2005. AIAA-2005-0123.

J. Lewe, D. Mavris, Foundation for Study of Future Transportation Systems Through Agent-Based Simulation}, in: Proceedings of 24th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS), Yokohama, Japan, August 2004. Session 8.1.

[14]

Maier, M.W. (1998). . Systems Engineering. 1 (4): 267–284. doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::aid-sys3>3.0.co;2-d. Retrieved 2012-12-13.

"Architecting Principles for System of Systems"

Held, J.M.,The Modelling of Systems of Systems, PhD Thesis, University of Sydney, 2008

D. Luzeaux & J.R. Ruault, "Systems of Systems", ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2010

D. Luzeaux, J.R. Ruault & J.L. Wippler, "Complex Systems and Systems of Systems Engineering", ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2011

Popper, S., Bankes, S., Callaway, R., and DeLaurentis, D. (2004) System-of-Systems Symposium: Report on a Summer Conversation, July 21–22, 2004, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Arlington, VA.