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Architecture

Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction.[3] It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving,[4] planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures.[5] The term comes from Latin architectura; from Ancient Greek ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktōn) 'architect'; from ἀρχι- (arkhi-) 'chief', and τέκτων (téktōn) 'creator'. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilisations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.[6]

For other uses, see Architecture (disambiguation).

The practice, which began in the prehistoric era, has been used as a way of expressing culture by civilizations on all seven continents.[7] For this reason, architecture is considered to be a form of art. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient times. The earliest surviving text on architectural theories is the 1st century AD treatise De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius, according to whom a good building embodies firmitas, utilitas, and venustas (durability, utility, and beauty). Centuries later, Leon Battista Alberti developed his ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective quality of buildings to be found in their proportions. In the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared that "form follows function". "Function" began to replace the classical "utility" and was understood to include not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological, and cultural dimensions. The idea of sustainable architecture was introduced in the late 20th century.


Architecture began as rural, oral vernacular architecture that developed from trial and error to successful replication. Ancient urban architecture was preoccupied with building religious structures and buildings symbolizing the political power of rulers until Greek and Roman architecture shifted focus to civic virtues. Indian and Chinese architecture influenced forms all over Asia and Buddhist architecture in particular took diverse local flavors. During the Middle Ages, pan-European styles of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the Renaissance favored Classical forms implemented by architects known by name. Later, the roles of architects and engineers became separated.


Modern architecture began after World War I as an avant-garde movement that sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. Emphasis was put on modern techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise superstructures. Many architects became disillusioned with modernism which they perceived as ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, and postmodern and contemporary architecture developed. Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship design to interior decorating.

A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures.

[8]

The art and science of buildings and (some) nonbuilding structures.[8]

designing

The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures.

[8]

A unifying or coherent form or structure.

[9]

Knowledge of art, science, technology, and humanity.

[8]

The design activity of the architect, from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture). The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering professional services in connection with the design and construction of buildings, or built environments.[10]

[8]

Architecture can mean:

Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition

Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used

Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing

In Norway: wood and elevated-level

In Norway: wood and elevated-level

In Lesotho: rondavel stones

In Lesotho: rondavel stones

In Ireland: Yola hut

In Ireland: Yola hut

a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems, with software architecture, hardware architecture and network architecture covering more specific aspects.

Computer architecture

defined as "a blueprint of the enterprise that provides a common understanding of the organization and is used to align strategic objectives and tactical demands",[43] Enterprise architecture is another term.

Business architecture

theories about the structure of the human mind

Cognitive architecture

a conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more views of any type of system.[44]

System architecture

Architectural engineering

Architectural technology

Ephemeral architecture

Index of architecture articles

Outline of architecture

Philosophy of architecture

Reverse architecture

Timeline of architecture

World Architecture Community

published by Royal Institute of British Architects

Architecture.com

list of links from the UIA

Architectural centers and museums in the world

American Institute of Architects

Archived 28 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine

Glossary of Architectural Terms

– Collection of digitized images of buildings and cities drawn from across time and throughout the world from the University of Washington Library

Cities and Buildings Database

BBC Radio 4 discussion with Adrian Tinniswood, Gillian Darley and Gavin Stamp (In Our Time, Oct. 31, 2002)

"Architecture and Power"