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Balkans

The Balkans (/ˈbɔːlkənz/ BAWL-kənz, /ˈbɒlkənz/ BOL-kənz[1]), corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.[2][3][4] The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the whole of Bulgaria.[5] The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the northwest, the Ionian Sea in the southwest, the Aegean Sea in the south, the Turkish straits in the east, and the Black Sea in the northeast. The northern border of the peninsula is variously defined.[6] The highest point of the Balkans is Musala, 2,925 metres (9,596 ft), in the Rila mountain range, Bulgaria.

"Balkan" redirects here. For other uses, see Balkan (disambiguation).

Geography

Southeastern Europe

2,925 m (9596 ft)

Musala (Bulgaria)

The concept of the Balkan Peninsula was created by the German geographer August Zeune in 1808,[7] who mistakenly considered the Balkan Mountains the dominant mountain system of Southeast Europe spanning from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea. The term Balkan Peninsula was a synonym for Rumelia in the 19th century, the parts of Europe that were provinces of the Ottoman Empire at the time. It had a geopolitical rather than a geographical definition, which was further promoted during the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the early 20th century. The definition of the Balkan Peninsula's natural borders does not coincide with the technical definition of a peninsula; hence modern geographers reject the idea of a Balkan Peninsula, while historical scholars usually discuss the Balkans as a region. The term has acquired a stigmatized and pejorative meaning related to the process of Balkanization.[6][8] The alternative term used for the region is Southeast Europe.


The borders of the Balkans are, due to many contrasting definitions, disputed. There exists no universal agreement on the region's components. The term by most definitions fully encompasses Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, European Turkey, most of Serbia, and large parts of Croatia. Sometimes the term also includes Romania and southern parts of Slovenia. Italy, although by some definitions having a small part of its territory (the Province of Trieste) on the Peninsula, is generally excluded.

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Name

Etymology

The origin of the word Balkan is obscure; it may be related to Turkish bālk 'mud' (from Proto-Turkic *bal 'mud, clay; thick or gluey substance', cf. also Turkic bal 'honey'), and the Turkish suffix -an 'swampy forest'[9] or Persian bālā-khāna 'big high house'.[10] It was used mainly during the time of the Ottoman Empire. In both Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish, balkan means 'chain of wooded mountains'.[11][12][13]

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members

Schengen Area

Eurozone

Member territories

NATO

Territories in the time zone of : Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia

UTC+01:00

Territories in the time zone of : Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania

UTC+02:00

Territories in the time zone of : Turkey

UTC+03:00

The time zones in the Balkans are defined as the following:

Cuisine of the Balkans

Balkan music

Balkan Athletics Championships

Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships

Imagining the Balkans

Gray, Colin S. (1999). Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. London: Routledge.  978-0-7146-8053-8.

ISBN

(October 1992). "Historiography of the Countries of Eastern Europe: Yugoslavia". American Historical Review. 97 (4): 1084–1104. doi:10.2307/2165494. JSTOR 2165494.

Banac, Ivo

Banac, Ivo (1984). . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-9493-2.

The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics

Goldstein, Ivo (1999). . Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2017-2.

Croatia: A History

Carter, Francis W., ed. (1977). An Historical Geography of the Balkans Academic Press.

(1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization Rutgers University Press.

Dvornik, Francis

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century [1983]; The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1987].

Fine, John V. A., Jr.

Forbes, Nevill (1915). The Balkans: A History of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey Clarendon Press,

online

(1983a). History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521274586.

Jelavich, Barbara

(1983b). History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521274593.

Jelavich, Barbara

Jelavich, Charles; Jelavich, Barbara, eds. (1963). . University of California Press.

The Balkans in Transition: Essays on the Development of Balkan Life and Politics Since the Eighteenth Century

(2008). La montée du national-bolchevisme dans les Balkans. Le retour à la Serbie de 1830. Paris: Avatar.

Kitsikis, Dimitri

Lampe, John R., and Marvin R. Jackson (1982). Balkan Economic History, 1550–1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations Indiana University Press.

Király, Béla K., ed. (1984). East Central European Society in the Era of Revolutions, 1775–1856.

(1990). Economic Development in the Habsburg Monarchy and in the Successor States. East European Monographs No. 28. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-177-7.

Komlos, John

(2000). The Balkans: A Short History. Modern Library Chronicles. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-64087-5.

Mazower, Mark

Schreiber, Gerhard; Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (1995). . Germany and the 2nd World War. Vol. III. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822884-4.

The Mediterranean, south-east Europe, and north Africa, 1939–1941

(2000) [1958]. The Balkans since 1453. with Traian Stoianovich. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9766-2. online free to borrow

Stavrianos, L. S.

Stoianovich, Traian (1994). Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. Sources and Studies in World History. New York: M.E. Sharpe.  978-1-56324-032-4.

ISBN

(29 April 1993). The Orthodox Church (new ed.). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-014656-1.

Ware, Bishop Kallistos (Timothy)

Zametica, John (2017). Folly and malice: the Habsburg empire, the Balkans and the start of World War One London: Shepheard–Walwyn. 416 pp.  978-0856835131.

ISBN

Balkan Insight – Analysis from Balkans

Balkanalysis, in-depth research on Balkan geopolitics

Western Balkans Photo impression

. Eds. G. Demeter, P. Peykovska. 2015.

Shared Pasts in Central and Southeast Europe, 17th–21st Centuries

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