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Tigris

The Tigris (/ˈtɡrɪs/ TY-griss; see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Taurus in Turkey, then through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, emptying into the Persian Gulf.

For other uses, see Tigris (disambiguation).

Tigris

Gölardı, Turkey

1,150 m (3,770 ft)

Al-Qurnah, Iraq

1 m (3.3 ft)

1,900 km (1,200 mi)

375,000 km2 (145,000 sq mi)

 

1,014 m3/s (35,800 cu ft/s)

337 m3/s (11,900 cu ft/s)

2,779 m3/s (98,100 cu ft/s)

 

Geography[edit]

The Tigris is 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, rising in the Taurus Mountains of eastern Turkey about 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the city of Elazığ and about 30 km (19 mi) from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km (250 mi) through Southeastern Turkey before forming part of the Syria-Turkey border. This stretch of 44 km (27 mi) is the only part of the river that is located in Syria.[2] Some of its affluences are Garzan, Anbarçayi, Batman, and the Great and the Little Zab.[7]


Close to its confluence with the Euphrates, the Tigris splits into several channels. First, the artificial Shatt al-Hayy branches off, to join the Euphrates near Nasiriyah. Second, the Shatt al-Muminah and Majar al-Kabir branch off to feed the Central Marshes. Further downstream, two other distributary channels branch off (the Al-Musharrah and Al-Kahla), to feed the Hawizeh Marshes. The main channel continues southwards and is joined by the Al-Kassarah, which drains the Hawizeh Marshes. Finally, the Tigris joins the Euphrates near al-Qurnah to form the Shatt-al-Arab. According to Pliny and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.[8]


Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of Basra straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians. Notable Tigris-side cities included Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia, while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C.

Navigation[edit]

The Tigris has long been an important transport route in a largely desert country. Shallow-draft vessels can go as far as Baghdad, but rafts have historically been needed for transport downstream from Mosul.[9][10][11]

Assyria

Cradle of civilization

campaign against a dam on Tigris in Turkey

Ilisu Dam Campaign

List of places in Iraq

Mountains of Ararat

Geography of Iraq

Zagros Mountains

Livius.org: Tigris

Hausleiter, A.; ; St J. Simpson; R. Wenke; P. Flensted Jensen; R. Talbert; T. Elliott; S. Gillies (27 December 2020). "Places: 912964 (Tigris/Diglitus fl.)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 9, 2012.

M. Roaf

Managing the Tigris and Euphrates Watershed

Peace Palace Library

Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law

Outline of WWI Battles involving the Tigris River

Old maps of the Tigris, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The

National Library of Israel