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Wales

Wales (Welsh: Cymru [ˈkəm.rɨ] ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by the Irish Sea to the north and west, England to the east, the Bristol Channel to the south, and the Celtic Sea to the south-west. As of the 2021 census, it had a population of 3,107,494.[1] It has a total area of 21,218 square kilometres (8,192 sq mi) and over 2,700 kilometres (1,680 mi) of coastline.[7] It is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.[13] The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate. The capital and largest city is Cardiff.

This article is about the country. For other uses, see Wales (disambiguation).

Wales

List
List

40 MPs (of 650)

1057[2]

3 March 1284[3]

27 July 1967[5]

31 July 1998[6]

21,218 km2 (8,192 sq mi)[7]

20,737 km2 (8,007 sq mi)[7]

Neutral increase 3,131,640[8]

Neutral increase 3,107,494[1]

151/km2 (391.1/sq mi)[8]

2021 estimate

£69.5 billion

£22,380[9]

2021 estimate

£79.7 billion

£25,665[10]

Negative increase 30[11]
medium

Increase 0.898[12]
very high

UTC+0 (GMT)

UTC+1 (BST)

dd/mm/yyyy (AD)

A distinct Welsh culture emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales was briefly united under Gruffydd ap Llywelyn in 1055. After over 200 years of war, the conquest of Wales by King Edward I of England was completed by 1283, though Owain Glyndŵr led the Welsh Revolt against English rule in the early 15th century, and briefly re-established an independent Welsh state with its own national parliament (Welsh: senedd). In the 16th century the whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by David Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century: a nationalist party, Plaid Cymru, was formed in 1925, and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. A governing system of Welsh devolution is employed in Wales, of which the most major step was the formation of the Senedd (Welsh Parliament, formerly the National Assembly for Wales) in 1998, responsible for a range of devolved policy matters.


At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, development of the mining and metallurgical industries transformed the country from an agricultural society into an industrial one; the South Wales Coalfield's exploitation caused a rapid expansion of Wales's population. Two-thirds of the population live in South Wales, including Cardiff, Swansea, Newport and the nearby valleys. The eastern region of North Wales has about a sixth of the overall population, with Wrexham being the largest northern city. The remaining parts of Wales are sparsely populated. Now that the country's traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, the economy is based on the public sector, light and service industries, and tourism. Agriculture in Wales is largely livestock based, making Wales a net exporter of animal produce, contributing towards national agricultural self-sufficiency.


The country has a distinct national and cultural identity and from the late 19th century onwards Wales acquired its popular image as the "land of song", in part due to the eisteddfod tradition and rousing choir singing. Both Welsh and English are official languages. A majority of the population in most areas speaks English whilst the majority of the population in parts of the north and west speak Welsh, with a total of 538,300 Welsh speakers across the entire country.

Highest maximum temperature: 37.1 °C (99 °F) at , Flintshire on 18 July 2022.[166]

Hawarden

Lowest minimum temperature: −23.3 °C (−10 °F) at , Radnorshire (now Powys) on 21 January 1940.[167]

Rhayader

Maximum number of hours of sunshine in a month: 354.3 hours at , Pembrokeshire in July 1955.[168]

Dale Fort

Minimum number of hours of sunshine in a month: 2.7 hours at Llwynon, in January 1962.[168]

Brecknockshire

Maximum rainfall in a day (0900 UTC − 0900 UTC): 211 millimetres (8.3 in) at , Glamorgan, on 11 November 1929.[169]

Rhondda

Wettest spot – an average of 4,473 millimetres (176 in) rain a year at in Snowdonia, Gwynedd (making it also the wettest spot in the United Kingdom).[170]

Crib Goch

List of movements in Wales

Outline of Wales

Census 2001,

200 Years of the Census in ... Wales (2001)

(1994). A History of Wales. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-014581-6.

Davies, John

Davies, John; ; Baines, Menna; Lynch, Peredur I., eds. (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.

Jenkins, Nigel

Citations


Sources

Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament

BBC Wales

Geographic data related to at OpenStreetMap

Wales

. The official international guide to places to stay and things to do in Wales.

VisitWales.com

Gathering the Jewels – Welsh Heritage and Culture

on Geograph Britain and Ireland

Photographs of Wales

Further historical information and sources at GENUKI