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Zubayr ibn al-Awwam

Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ibn Khuwaylid al-Asadi (Arabic: الزُّبَيْر بْن الْعَوَّام بْن خُوَيْلِد الأَسَدِيّ, romanizedal-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām ibn Khuwaylid al-ʾAsadī; c. 594–656) was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the caliphs Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) and Umar (r. 634–644) who played a leading role in the Ridda wars against rebel tribes in Arabia in 632–633 and later participated in early Muslim conquests of Sasanid Persia in 633–634, Byzantine Syria in 634–638, and the Exarchate of Africa in 639–643.

Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
الزُّبَيْر بْن الْعَوَّام

Arabic: زبير ابن العوام

Hawari Rasul Allah ('Disciple of Messenger of God')
Abu Abd Allah

c. 594
Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia

c. 656 (aged 61–62)
Basra, Rashidun Caliphate

Mazar Zubayr, Zubayriyya, Iraq

624-656

An early convert to Islam, Zubayr was a commander in the Battle of Badr in 624, in which the latter was instrumental in defeating the opponent forces of the Quraysh. He participated in almost all of the early Muslim battles and expeditions under Muhammad. In the Battle of the Trench, due to his military service, Muhammad bestowed the title Hawari Rasul Allah ('Disciple of Messenger of God') upon him. After Muhammad's demise, Zubayr was appointed as a commander, in the Ridda Wars, by caliph Abu Bakr. He was involved in the defense of Medina and Battle of Yamama. During Umar's caliphate, Zubayr served in the Muslim conquests of Egypt, Levant, Persia, Sudan, and Tripolitania.


After Umar's assassination, Zubayr became an important political figure of the caliphate, being the chief advisor of the Shura that elected the third caliph Uthman. During the latter's caliphate, Zubayr advised the caliph in political and religious issues.[13] After Uthman was assassinated, Zubayr pledged allegiance to the fourth caliph Ali, though later withdrew allegiance, after Ali refused to avenge Uthman's death. Zubayr's forces engaged with Ali's forces in the Battle of the Camel in December 656. In the aftermath, while Zubayr was prostrating in prayer, he was killed by Amr ibn Jurmuz.


Zubayr is generally considered by historians to be one of early Islam's most accomplished commanders. The Sunni Islamic tradition credits Zubayr as being promised paradise. The Shia Islamic tradition views Zubayr negatively. The general's descendants, known as the Zubayrids, are found worldwide.

His from Mecca to Medina, for their perseverance and willingness to leave worldly possessions in favor of mass migration due to the instruction of Muhammad.[4]

migration

The , at which he won an honorific title of Al-Badri.[114]

Battle of Badr

The , for which he received the title of Al-Uhudi.[114][23]

Battle of Uhud

The [108][4][27]

Battle of Hamra al-Asad

The , for which Muhammad himself bestowed upon him the special title of Hawari Rasulullah for his distinguished service.[108][4][27]

Battle of the Trench

The .[4]

Pledge of the Tree

who died in the Battle of Uhud for Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh

who was killed by people of Tha'if, for Urwah ibn Zubayr

Urwah ibn Mas'ud

for Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr

Mus'ab ibn Umayr

who died in Battle of Marj as-Saffar for Khalid ibn al-Zubayr

Khalid ibn Sa'id

Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-Aas, who was killed during Battle of Yarmouk, for Amr ibn al-Zubayr.[4]

[148]

Muhajir ibn Ziyad, who was killed during the Muhajir ibn az-Zubayr.

Siege of Shushtar

Mundhir ibn Amr, who was killed during for Munhdir ibn az-Zubayr.[149]

the tragedy of Bir Ma'una

List of expeditions of Muhammad

Sunni view of the Sahaba

The ten to whom Paradise was promised

List of Sahabah

First Fitna

Recorded traditional oral narration of historical events during the early time of Islam of , an historian during Rashidun era.

Urwah ibn Zubayr

Earliests records of Maghazi (historical records regarding Islamic conquests) of Muhammad by historian Aban ibn Uthman

Tabi'in

Recorded narrations of Maghazi by Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri

classifications

, which contains many scarces of historical account regarding military activity during the time of Muhammad and four righteous guided caliphate

Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Chapter 57: Book of Jihad, regarding ethics and basics of warfare according to Islamic tradition

Sahih Bukhari

Chapter 19: Kitab Al-Jihad Wa'l-Siyar (The Book of Jihad And Expedition), regarding ethics and conduct during wartime

Sahih Muslim

, a collection of hadith compiled by the Ahmad ibn Hanbal(d. 241 AH/855 AD) to whom the Hanbali fiqh(legislation) is attributed

Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal

'', also known as Sunan at-Tirmidhi, is one of "the six books" (Kutub al-Sittah – the six major hadith collections); authored by Al-Tirmidhi

Jami at-Tirmidhi

, one of the Kutub al-Sittah (six major hadith collections), collected by Abu Dawud al-Sijistani

Sunan Abu Dawood

contained narrations of the peoples who lived during the Rashidun conquests, including those directly involved in the conquest. Authored by Al-Baghawi

Masabih al-Sunnah

(The Life of the Prophet), an edited recension by Ibn Isḥāq

Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah

, 'Great History of Islam' (50 vols., in Arabic); Ibn Hajar received it from adh-Dhahabi

Tarikh al-Islam al-kabir

, biographical manuscript of Companions of Muhammad, authored by adh-Dhahabi

Siyar a`lam al-nubala

, more commonly known as Tarikh al-Tabari (تاريخ الطبري) or Tarikh-i Tabari or The History of al-Tabari (Persian: تاریخ طبری)

History of the Prophets and Kings

Historical excerpts from , scholar and historian from the Caliphate of Córdoba

Abu Bakr al-Zubaydi

History of Damascus (Arabic: Tarikh Dimashq) is one of the most important books about the Islamic history of Syria, covering the life of important figures who resided in or visited Damascus. Authored by

Ibn Ashakir

, The Conquest of (the) countries, a work regarding early Islamic conquest 9th century historian Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri of Abbasid-era Baghdad

Futuh al-Buldan

Futūḥ mișr wa akhbārahā, Conquest of Egypt and some account of it, i.e. of the country) authored by

Ibn Abd al-Hakam

(Arabic: كتاب التاريخ والمغازي, "Book of History and Campaigns") by al-Waqidi.

Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi

Sahdba ma'a yl-Batlus (The book of the conquest of al-Bahnasa and what befell the Companions of Muhammad with the Patrician Batlus).

Al-Mawāʻiẓ wa-al-Iʻtibār bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār; a historical excerpt authored by al-Maqrizi.

Genealogical Nisba manuscript by Sheykh Abdullah Gadula Balilu al-Kawahla.

Kawahla

Zubayrids governor coin inscription found by modern archaeologs in .

Bishapur

Tradition account from Shaykh Fati al-Basri regarding Zubayr ibn al-Awwam descendants.

Zuberi Clan History – 2009 archive

Talha and Zubair – 2011 archive