Aftermath of World War I

Establishment of the and the Hungarian Democratic Republic, disavowing any continuity with the empire and exiling the Habsburg family in perpetuity.

Republic of German Austria

Eventually, after 1920, the new borders of did not include approx. two-thirds of the lands of the former Kingdom of Hungary, including areas where the ethnic Magyars were in a majority. The new republic of Austria maintained control over most of the predominantly German-controlled areas, but lost various other German majority lands in what was the Austrian Empire.

Hungary

 : independence from Russian Empire

Armenia

 : gained control of German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and Nauru

Australia

 : gained territories (Őrvidék) from Hungary

Austria

 : independence from Russian Empire

Azerbaijan

 : gained control of Eupen-Malmedy and the African territories of Ruanda-Urundi from the German Empire

Belgium

 : gained control of several cities from the Russian Empire

Belarusian People's Republic

 : gained territories from the Austrian Empire (Bohemia, Moravia, and part of Silesia) and Hungary (mostly Upper Hungary and Carpathian Ruthenia)

Czechoslovakia

 : semi-autonomous free city with independence from the German Empire

Danzig

 : gained Nordschleswig after the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites from the German Empire

Denmark

 : independence from the Russian Empire

Estonia

 : independence from the Russian Empire

Finland

 : gained Alsace-Lorraine as well as various African colonies from the German Empire, and Middle East territories from the Ottoman Empire. The African and Middle East gains were officially League of Nations Mandates.

France

 : independence from the Russian Empire

Georgia

 : gained Western Thrace from Bulgaria

Greece

 : Irish Free State (approximately five-sixths of the island) gained independence from the United Kingdom (but still part of the British Empire as a Dominion)

Ireland

 : gained South Tyrol, Trieste, Istria, and Zadar from the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Italy

 : gained Jiaozhou Bay and most of the Shandong Peninsula from China and the South Seas Mandate (both controlled by German Empire before the war)

Japan

 : independence from the Russian Empire

Latvia

 : independence from the Russian Empire

Lithuania

 : gained control of German Samoa

New Zealand

 : recreated and gained parts of the Austrian Empire, German Empire, Russian Empire and Hungary (small northern parts of the former Árva and Szepes counties)

Poland

 : gained control of the port of Kionga

Portugal

 : gained Transylvania, parts of Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș from the Kingdom of Hungary, Bukovina from the Austrian Empire, regained Dobruja from Bulgaria, and Bessarabia from the Russian Empire

Romania

 : gained control of South West Africa

South Africa

 : gained control of part of the Armenian Highlands from the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Kars, while losing territory overall

Turkey

 : gained independence from the Russian Empire and recognized by Soviet Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Ukrainian People's Republic

 : gained League of Nations Mandates in Africa and the Middle East

United Kingdom

 : created from the Kingdom of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and gained parts from Austrian Empire (part of Duchy of Carniola, Austrian Littoral, Kingdom of Dalmatia) and Hungary (Muraköz, Muravidék, parts of Baranya, Bácska and Banat)

Yugoslavia

Canberra, Australia

Australian War Memorial

Kansas City, Missouri, United States

Liberty Memorial

Thyborøn, Jutland, Denmark

Memorial for The Battle of Jutland

Washington, D.C., United States

District of Columbia War Memorial

Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial

London, United Kingdom

The Cenotaph

Ypres, Belgium

Menin Gate Memorial

Thiepval Memorial

at Passchendaele

Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing

Verdun Memorial Museum

Vimy, France

Vimy Ridge Memorial

Turkey

Gallipoli Memorial

Melbourne, Australia

Shrine of Remembrance

Dublin, Ireland

Irish National War Memorial Gardens

Messines, Belgium

Island of Ireland Peace Park

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

National War Memorial

St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada

National War Memorial

Kriegerdenkmal auf dem Neroberg, Wiesbaden, Hessen, Germany

[63]

Italy

Sacrario militare di Redipuglia, Fogliano Redipuglia

Romania

Mausoleum of Mărășești

Historiography of World War I

International relations (1919–1939)

Revolutions of 1917–1923

Interwar period

Political history of the world

(2005). Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01880-8.

Doughty, Robert A.

Evans, Leslie (2005). . UCLA International Institute. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008.

Future of Iraq, Israel-Palestine Conflict, and Central Asia Weighed at International Conference

(2005). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85289-0. OCLC 59879560.

Gelvin, James L.

Hooker, Richard (1996). . Washington State University. Archived from the original on 8 October 1999.

The Ottomans

(1967). Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-00574-7.

Hovannisian, Richard G.

Isaac, Jad; Hosh, Leonardo (7–9 May 1992). . University of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 28 September 2006.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East

Kaplan, Robert D. (February 1993). . The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2008.

"Syria: Identity Crisis"

Muller, Jerry Z. (March–April 2008). . Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2008.

"Us and Them – The Enduring Power of Ethnic Nationalism"

(November 9, 1919). "Where the fighting still goes on". New-York Tribune. New York, New York: New York Tribune. pp. 1–86. ISSN 1941-0646. OCLC 9405688. Retrieved November 10, 2019.

New-York Tribune

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"How it all began – A concise history of Lebanon"

Aldcroft, Derek Howard (2006) Europe's third world: the European periphery in the interwar years

Blom, Philipp (2015) Fracture: Life and Culture in the West, 1918–1938

Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. (2020) Writing the Great War - The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present ; full coverage for major countries.

free download

Gerwarth, Robert (2008) "The central European counter-revolution: Paramilitary violence in Germany, Austria and Hungary after the great war." in Past & Present 200.1: 175-209.

online

Gerwarth, Robert (2016) The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End

Kallis, Aristotle (2015) "When fascism became mainstream: the challenge of extremism in times of crisis." in Fascism 4.1: 1–24.

(2015) Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War

MacMillan, Margaret

Mazower, Mark (2009) Dark continent: Europe's twentieth century

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Mowat, C.L.

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excerpt

Somervell, D. C. (1936) The Reign of King George V 550pp; wide ranging political, social and economic coverage of Britain, 1910–35

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(1972) The Wreck of Reparations, being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement, 1932 New York, H. Fertig

Wheeler-Bennett, John

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Post-war

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Colonial Empires after the War/Decolonization

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Bessel, Richard

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Post-war Economies

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The Paris Peace Conference and its Consequences

"A multimedia history of World War I"

FirstWorldWar.com

The war to end all wars on BBC site

"The Heritage of the Great War"

The British Army in the Great War