Revolutions of 1917–1923
The Revolutions of 1917–1923 were a revolutionary wave that included political unrest and armed revolts around the world inspired by the success of the Russian Revolution and the disorder created by the aftermath of World War I. The uprisings were mainly socialist or anti-colonial in nature. Some socialist revolts failed to create lasting socialist states.[2] The revolutions had lasting effects in shaping the future European political landscape, with for example the collapse of the German Empire and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.[3]
Revolutions of 1917–1923
8 March 1917 – c. 24 July 1923
- World War I
- Russian Revolution
(outside Russia)
Political upheaval (Fascism in Europe (theorized))[1]
- Collapse of the Russian Empire
- Russian Revolution
- Independence of Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia
- Temporary establishment of Democratic Republic of Georgia, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Slovak Soviet Republic and First Republic of Armenia
- End of the German Empire
- November Revolution
- Creation of temporary Soviet Republics across Germany
- Spartacist Uprising
- Kapp Putsch
- Ruhr Uprising
- Collapse of Austria-Hungary
- Overthrow of the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
- Partition of Ireland, and the creation of the Irish Free State
- End of the Ottoman Empire
- Turkish War of Independence
- Transformation of Turkish society via Atatürk's reforms
- Rise of Fascism in Italy
World War I mobilized millions of troops, reshaped political powers and drove social turmoil. From the turmoil outright revolutions broke out, massive strikes occurred, and many soldiers mutinied. In Russia, the Tsar Nicholas II abdicated during the February Revolution. The short-lived liberal Russian Provisional Government was formed, but it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution, which triggered the bloody Russian Civil War. Many French soldiers mutinied in 1917 and refused to engage the enemy. In Bulgaria, many troops mutinied, and the Bulgarian Tsar stepped down. Mass strikes and mutinies occurred in Austria-Hungary, and the Habsburg monarchy collapsed. In Germany, the November Revolution led to the end of the German Empire. Italy faced various mass strikes. Turkey experienced a successful war of independence. Ireland was partitioned and the Irish Free State was created. Across the world, various other protests and revolts occurred.[4]