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Anti-fascism

Anti-fascism is a political movement in opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals. Beginning in European countries in the 1920s, it was at its most significant shortly before and during World War II, where the Axis powers were opposed by many countries forming the Allies of World War II and dozens of resistance movements worldwide. Anti-fascism has been an element of movements across the political spectrum and holding many different political positions such as anarchism, communism, pacifism, republicanism, social democracy, socialism and syndicalism as well as centrist, conservative, liberal and nationalist viewpoints.

This article is about the history of anti-fascism as a movement. For its post-war developments and groups called Anti-Fascist Action (Antifa), see Post–World War II anti-fascism.

Fascism, a far-right ultra-nationalistic ideology best known for its use by the Italian Fascists and the Nazis, became prominent beginning in the 1910s. Organization against fascism began around 1920. Fascism became the state ideology of Italy in 1922 and of Germany in 1933, spurring a large increase in anti-fascist action, including German resistance to Nazism and the Italian resistance movement. Anti-fascism was a major aspect of the Spanish Civil War, which foreshadowed World War II.


Before World War II, the West had not taken seriously the threat of fascism, and anti-fascism was sometimes associated with communism. However, the outbreak of World War II greatly changed Western perceptions, and fascism was seen as an existential threat by not only the communist Soviet Union but also by the liberal-democratic United States and United Kingdom. The Axis Powers of World War II were generally fascist, and the fight against them was characterized in anti-fascist terms. Resistance during World War II to fascism occurred in every occupied country, and came from across the ideological spectrum. The defeat of the Axis powers generally ended fascism as a state ideology.


After World War II, the anti-fascist movement continued to be active in places where organized fascism continued or re-emerged. There was a resurgence of antifa in Germany in the 1980s, as a response to the invasion of the punk scene by neo-Nazis. This influenced the antifa movement in the United States in the late 1980s and 1990s, which was similarly carried by punks. In the 21st century, this greatly increased in prominence as a response to the resurgence of the radical right, especially after the election of Donald Trump.[1][2]

Revolutionary anti-fascism was expressed amongst communists and anarchists, where it identified fascism and capitalism as its enemies and made little distinction between fascism and other forms of authoritarianism. It did not disappear after the Second World War but was used as an official ideology of the Soviet bloc, with the "fascist" West as the new enemy.

Counterrevolutionary anti-fascism was much more conservative in nature, with Seidman arguing that Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill represented examples of it and that they tried to win the masses to their cause. Counterrevolutionary antifascists desired to ensure the restoration or continuation of the prewar old regime and conservative antifascists disliked fascism's erasure of the distinction between the public and private spheres. Like its revolutionary counterpart, it would outlast fascism once the Second World War ended.

With the development and spread of Italian Fascism, i.e. the original fascism, the National Fascist Party's ideology was met with increasingly militant opposition by Italian communists and socialists. Organizations such as Arditi del Popolo[3] and the Italian Anarchist Union emerged between 1919 and 1921, to combat the nationalist and fascist surge of the post-World War I period.


In the words of historian Eric Hobsbawm, as fascism developed and spread, a "nationalism of the left" developed in those nations threatened by Italian irredentism (e.g. in the Balkans, and Albania in particular).[4] After the outbreak of World War II, the Albanian and Yugoslav resistances were instrumental in antifascist action and underground resistance. This combination of irreconcilable nationalisms and leftist partisans constitute the earliest roots of European anti-fascism. Less militant forms of anti-fascism arose later. During the 1930s in Britain, "Christians – especially the Church of England – provided both a language of opposition to fascism and inspired anti-fascist action".[5] French philosopher Georges Bataille believed that Friedrich Nietzche was a forerunner of anti-fascism due to his derision for nationalism and racism.[6]


Michael Seidman argues that traditionally anti-fascism was seen as the purview of the political left but that in recent years this has been questioned. Seidman identifies two types of anti-fascism, namely revolutionary and counterrevolutionary:[7]


Seidman argues that despite the differences between these two strands of anti-fascism, there were similarities. They would both come to regard violent expansion as intrinsic to the fascist project. They both rejected any claim that the Versailles Treaty was responsible for the rise of Nazism and instead viewed fascist dynamism as the cause of conflict. Unlike fascism, these two types of anti-fascism did not promise a quick victory but an extended struggle against a powerful enemy. During World War II, both anti-fascisms responded to fascist aggression by creating a cult of heroism which relegated victims to a secondary position.[7] However, after the war, conflict arose between the revolutionary and counterrevolutionary anti-fascisms; the victory of the Western Allies allowed them to restore the old regimes of liberal democracy in Western Europe, while Soviet victory in Eastern Europe allowed for the establishment of new revolutionary anti-fascist regimes there.[8]

Copsey, Nigel (2016). . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-39762-5.

Anti-Fascism in Britain

Diner, Dan; Gundermann, Christian (1996). "On the Ideology of Antifascism". New German Critique (67): 123–132. :10.2307/827781. ISSN 0094-033X. JSTOR 827781.

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Eley, Geoff (1996). "Legacies of Antifascism: Constructing Democracy in Postwar Europe". New German Critique (67): 73–100. :10.2307/827778. ISSN 0094-033X. JSTOR 827778.

doi

Jarausch, Konrad H. (1991). . German Studies Review. 14 (1): 85–102. doi:10.2307/1430155. ISSN 0149-7952. JSTOR 1430155.

"The Failure of East German Antifascism: Some Ironies of History as Politics"

Mammone, Andrea (2006). . Modern Italy. 11 (2): 211–226. doi:10.1080/13532940600709338. ISSN 1353-2944. S2CID 145602289.

"A Daily Revision of the Past: Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Memory in Contemporary Italy"

Rabinbach, Anson (1996). "Introduction: Legacies of Antifascism". New German Critique (67): 3–17. :10.2307/827774. ISSN 0094-033X. JSTOR 827774.

doi

David Berry "" Contemporary European History Volume 8, Issue 1 March 1999, pp. 51–71

'Fascism or Revolution!' Anarchism and Antifascism in France, 1933–39

Birchall, Sean, ed. (2013). Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action. Freedom Press.  978-1-904491-12-5.

ISBN

Brasken, Kasper. "." Contemporary European History 25.4 (2016): 573–596.

Making Anti-Fascism Transnational: The Origins of Communist and Socialist Articulations of Resistance in Europe, 1923–1924

Bray, Mark (2017). Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook. New York: Melville House.  978-1612197036. OCLC 1016082358.

ISBN

Bullstreet, K. (2001). . Kate Sharpley Library. ISBN 978-1-873605-87-5.

Bash the Fash: Anti-Fascist Recollections 1984–1993

Class War/3WayFight/Kate Sharpley Library , anarkismo.net

Interview from Beating Fascism: Anarchist Anti-Fascism in Theory and Practice

Copsey, N. (2011) "From direct action to community action: The changing dynamics of anti-fascist opposition", in Copsey, Nigel (2011). The British National Party : contemporary perspectives. Abingdon, Oxon New York: Routledge.  978-0-415-48384-1. OCLC 657270952.

ISBN

Nigel Copsey & Andrzej Olechnowicz (eds.), , Palgrave Macmillan

Varieties of Anti-fascism. Britain in the Inter-war Period

"Fascism/Antifascism Archived 30 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine", libcom.org

Gilles Dauvé

David Featherstone "" Annals of the Association of American Geographers Volume 103, 2013, Issue 6, pp. 1406–1420

Black Internationalism, Subaltern Cosmopolitanism, and the Spatial Politics of Antifascism

Joseph Fronczak Diplomatic History, Volume 39, Issue 2, 1 April 2015, pp. 245–274

"Local People's Global Politics: A Transnational History of the Hands Off Ethiopia Movement of 1935"

Hugo Garcia, ed, Contemporary European History Volume 25, Issue 4 November 2016, pp. 563–572

Transnational Anti-Fascism: Agents, Networks, Circulations

Key, Anna, ed. (2005). Beating Fascism: Anarchist anti-fascism in theory and practice. Kate Sharpley Library.  978-1-873605-88-2.

ISBN

Renton, Dave. . Springer, 2016.

Fascism, Anti-fascism and Britain in the 1940s

Stout, James (24 June 2020). . Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 4 September 2020.

"A Brief History of Anti-Fascism"

"Intellectuals and Anti-Fascism: For a Critical Historization" New Politics, vol. 9, no. 4 (new series), whole no. 36, Winter 2004

Enzo Traverso

. Atlanta: Center for Democratic Renewal. 1992.

When Hate Groups Come to Town: A Handbook of Effective Community Responses

– Teesside University (archived 24 August 2017)

Centre for fascist, anti-fascist and post-fascist studies

Remembering the Anarchist Resistance to fascism