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Bucharest

Bucharest (UK: /ˌbkəˈrɛst/ BOO-kə-REST, US: /ˈbkərɛst/ -⁠rest; Romanian: București [bukuˈreʃtʲ] ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.3 million residents, which makes Bucharest the 8th most-populous city in the European Union. The city area measures 240 km2 and comprises 6 districts (Sectoare), while the metropolitan area covers 1,811 km2 . Bucharest is a beta global city, a major cultural, political and economic hub, and the country's seat of government.

Not to be confused with Budapest.

Bucharest
București

Romania Romania

1459

240 km2 (93 sq mi)

1,803 km2 (696 sq mi)

55.8–91.5 m (183.1–300.2 ft)

1,739,297

7,277/km2 (18,850/sq mi)

2,304,408 (Bucharest-Ilfov)[2]

1,278/km2 (3,310/sq mi)

Bucharester (en)
bucureștean, bucureșteancă (ro)

€ 88.18 billion (25.4% of Romania)

€ 97.74 billion (28.2% of Romania)

€ 50,751[4]

0100xx-0201xx, 0201xx-0300xx, 0365xx

+40 31

0.963[5]very high

Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. The city became capital in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture, and art. Its architecture is a mix of historical (mostly Eclectic, but also Neoclassical and Art Nouveau), interbellum (Bauhaus, Art Deco, and Romanian Revival architecture), socialist era, and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nicknames of Little Paris (Romanian: Micul Paris) or Paris of the East (Romanian: Parisul Estului).[6] Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and even Nicolae Ceaușescu's program of systematization, many survived and have been renovated. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom.[7][8] It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe, according to the Financial Times, CBRE, TechCrunch, and others.[9][10][11][12][13]


In 2016, the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered' by the World Monuments Watch.[14] In 2017, Bucharest was the European city with the highest growth of tourists who stay over night, according to the Mastercard Global Index of Urban Destinations.[15] As for the past two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019, Bucharest ranked as the European destination with the highest potential for development according to the same study.[16]


In January 2023, there were 1.74 million inhabitants living within the city limits,[2] and adding the satellite towns around the urban area, the proposed metropolitan area of Bucharest would have a population of 2.3 million people.[2] In 2020, the government used 2.5 million people as the basis for pandemic reports.[17] Bucharest is the eighth largest city in the European Union by population within city limits, behind Warsaw, Poland and one position ahead of Budapest, Hungary.


Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and the richest capital and city in the region, having surpassed Budapest since 2017.[18][19][20]


The city has a number of large convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional 'shopping arcades' and recreational areas.


The city proper is administratively known as the 'Municipality of Bucharest' (Romanian: Municipiul București), and has the same administrative level as that of a national county, being further subdivided into six sectors, each governed by a local mayor.

Etymology[edit]

The Romanian name București has an unverified origin. Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name of Bucur, who was a prince, an outlaw, a fisherman, a shepherd or a hunter, according to different legends. In Romanian, the word stem bucurie means 'joy' ('happiness'),[21] and it is believed to be of Dacian origin,[22] hence the city Bucharest means 'city of joy'.[23]


Other etymologies are given by early scholars, including the one of an Ottoman traveller, Evliya Çelebi, who claimed that Bucharest was named after a certain 'Abu-Kariș', from the tribe of 'Bani-Kureiș'. In 1781, Austrian historian Franz Sulzer claimed that it was related to bucurie (joy), bucuros (joyful), or a se bucura (to be joyful), while an early 19th-century book published in Vienna assumed its name to be derived from 'Bukovie', a beech forest.[24] In English, the city's name was formerly rendered as Bukarest. A native or resident of Bucharest is called a 'Bucharester' (Romanian: bucureștean).

between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire ending the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)

Treaty of Bucharest (1812)

between Serbia and Bulgaria ending the Serbian–Bulgarian War

Treaty of Bucharest (1886)

between Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece ending of the Second Balkan War

Treaty of Bucharest (1913)

a treaty of alliance between Romania and the Entente Powers

Treaty of Bucharest (1916)

between Romania and the Central Powers

Treaty of Bucharest (1918)

(population 227,717): Dorobanți, Băneasa, Aviației, Pipera, Aviatorilor, Primăverii, Romană, Victoriei, Herăstrău Park, Bucureștii Noi, Dămăroaia, Străulești, Grivița, 1 Mai, Băneasa Forest, Pajura, Domenii, Chibrit

Sector 1

(population 357,338): Pantelimon, Colentina, Iancului, Tei, Floreasca, Moșilor, Obor, Vatra Luminoasă, Fundeni, Plumbuita, Ștefan cel Mare, Baicului

Sector 2

(population 399,231): Vitan, Dudești, Titan, Centrul Civic, Dristor, Lipscani, Muncii, Unirii

Sector 3

(population 300,331): Berceni, Olteniței, Giurgiului, Progresul, Văcărești, Timpuri Noi, Tineretului

Sector 4

(population 288,690): Rahova, Ferentari, Giurgiului, Cotroceni, 13 Septembrie, Dealul Spirii

Sector 5

(population 371,060): Giulești, Crângași, Drumul Taberei, Militari, Grozăvești (also known as Regie), Ghencea

Sector 6

IBM Bucharest

IBM Bucharest

Floreasca City Center (including SkyTower and Oracle headquarters)

Floreasca City Center (including SkyTower and Oracle headquarters)

Petrom City

Petrom City

Bucharest is the centre of the Romanian economy and industry, accounting for around 24% (2017) of the country's GDP and about one-quarter of its industrial production, while being inhabited by 9% of the country's population.[84] Almost one-third of national taxes is paid by Bucharest's citizens and companies. The living standard in the Bucharest–Ilfov region was 145% of the EU average in 2017, according to GDP per capita at the purchasing power parity standard (adjusted to the national price level).


The Bucharest area surpassed, on comparable terms, European metropolitan areas such as Budapest (139%), Madrid (125%), Berlin (118%), Rome (110%), Lisbon (102%), and Sofia (79%), and more than twice the Romanian average.[85] After relative stagnation in the 1990s, the city's strong economic growth has revitalised infrastructure and led to the development of shopping malls, residential estates, and high-rise office buildings. In January 2013, Bucharest had an unemployment rate of 2.1%, significantly lower than the national unemployment rate of 5.8%.[86][87]


Bucharest's economy is centred on industry and services, with services particularly growing in importance in the past 10 years. The headquarters of 186,000 firms, including nearly all large Romanian companies, are located in Bucharest.[88] An important source of growth since 2000 has been the city's rapidly expanding property and construction sector. Bucharest is also Romania's largest centre for information technology and communications and is home to several software companies operating offshore delivery centres. Romania's largest stock exchange, the Bucharest Stock Exchange, which was merged in December 2005 with the Bucharest-based electronic stock exchange Rasdaq, plays a major role in the city's economy.


Malls and large shopping centres have been built since the late 1990s, such as Băneasa Shopping City, AFI Palace Cotroceni, Mega Mall, București Mall, ParkLake Shopping Centre, Sun Plaza, Promenada Mall and longest Unirea Shopping Centre. Bucharest has over 20 malls as of 2019.[89][90]


The corporations Amazon, Microsoft, Ubisoft, Oracle Corporation, or IBM are all present in the Romanian capital. The top ten is also dominated by companies operating in automotive, oil & gas (such as Petrom), as well as companies in telecommunication and FMCG.[91][92] The Speedtest Global Index ranks Bucharest the 6th city in the world (after Beijing, Shanghai, Abu Dhabi, Valparaíso, and Lyon) in terms of fixed broadband speed, at 250Mbps as of 2023.[93]

(IATA: OTP, ICAO: LROP), located 16.5 km (10.3 mi) north of the Bucharest city centre, in the town of Otopeni, Ilfov. It is the busiest airport in Romania, in terms of passenger traffic: 12,807,032 in 2017.[96]

Henri Coandă International Airport

(IATA: BBU, ICAO: LRBS) is Bucharest's business and VIP airport. It is situated only 8 km (5.0 mi) north of the Bucharest city centre, within city limits.

Aurel Vlaicu International Airport

The Triumphal Arch was inaugurated in 1936.

The Triumphal Arch was inaugurated in 1936.

Downtown Bucharest fountains in the Unirii Square

Downtown Bucharest fountains in the Unirii Square

Magheru Boulevard is one of the most expensive streets in the world.[106][107]

Magheru Boulevard is one of the most expensive streets in the world

Therme Bucharest spa is Europe's biggest urban beach.[108]

Therme Bucharest spa is Europe's biggest urban beach

Romanian Revival architecture (C.N. Câmpeanu/Alfred E. Gheorghiu House on Bulevardul Dacia)

Romanian Revival architecture (C.N. Câmpeanu/Alfred E. Gheorghiu House on Bulevardul Dacia)

Window design on George Enescu street no. 14, an example of Mediterranean Revival architecture

Window design on George Enescu street no. 14, an example of Mediterranean Revival architecture

The Telephones Company Building, an example of the Art Deco style

The Telephones Company Building, an example of the Art Deco style

Overall, 159 faculties are in 34 universities. Sixteen public universities are in Bucharest, the largest of which are the University of Bucharest, the Politehnica University of Bucharest, the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, the Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Technical University of Civil Engineering, the National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, and the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest.


These are supplemented by nineteen private universities, such as the Romanian-American University.[123] Private universities, however, have a mixed reputation due to irregularities.[124][125]


In the 2020 QS World University Rankings, from Bucharest, only the University of Bucharest was included in the top universities of the world. The Politehnica University disappeared from the ranking.[126] Also, in recent years, the city has had increasing numbers of foreign students enrolling in its universities.[127]


The first modern educational institution was the Princely Academy from Bucharest, founded in 1694 and divided in 1864 to form the present-day University of Bucharest and the Saint Sava National College, both of which are among the most prestigious of their kind in Romania.[128][129]


Over 450 public primary and secondary schools are in the city, all of which are administered by the Bucharest Municipal Schooling Inspectorate. Each sector also has its own Schooling Inspectorate, subordinated to the municipal one.

Media[edit]

The city is well-served by a modern landline and mobile network. Offices of Poșta Română, the national postal operator, are spread throughout the city, with the central post office (Romanian: Oficiul Poștal București 1) located at 12 Matei Millo Street. Public telephones are located in many places and are operated by Telekom Romania, a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom and successor of the former monopoly Romtelecom.


Bucharest is the headquarters of most national television networks and national newspapers, radio stations and online news websites. The largest daily newspapers in Bucharest include Evenimentul Zilei, Jurnalul Național, Cotidianul, România Liberă, and Adevărul, while the biggest news websites are HotNews (with English and Spanish versions), Ziare.com, and Gândul. During the rush hours, tabloid newspapers Click!, Libertatea, and Cancan are popular for commuters.


Several newspapers and media publications are based in House of the Free Press (Casa Presei Libere), a landmark of northern Bucharest, originally named Casa Scânteii after the Communist Romania-era official newspaper Scînteia. The House of the Free Press is not the only Bucharest landmark that grew out of the media and communications industry. Palatul Telefoanelor ("The Telephone Palace") was the first major modernist building on Calea Victoriei in the city's centre, and the massive, unfinished communist-era Casa Radio looms over a park a block away from the Opera.


English-language newspapers became available in the early 1930s and reappeared in the 1990s. The two daily English-language newspapers are the Bucharest Daily News and Nine O' Clock; several magazines and publications in other languages are available, such as the Hungarian-language daily Új Magyar Szó.


Observator Cultural covers the city's arts, and the free weekly magazines Șapte Seri ("Seven Evenings") and B24FUN, list entertainment events. The city is home to the intellectual journal Dilema veche and the satire magazine Academia Cațavencu.


Visit Bucharest Today is another online platform promoting Bucharest as a tourist destination. It serves as a comprehensive resource for local and international travelers seeking to learn about the capital city of Romania. The online platform showcases Bucharest's rich history, cultural landmarks, hidden gems, and exciting experiences.

Yerevan, Armenia (2013)[140]

Armenia

Bucharest is twinned with:[137]


In addition, Bucharest has a partnership with:

List of buildings in Bucharest

List of people from Bucharest

Celac, Mariana; Carabela, Octavian; Marcu-Lapadat, Marius (2017). Bucharest Architecture – an annotated guide. Order of Architects of Romania.  978-973-0-23884-6.

ISBN

City Hall of Bucharest

Modern history of Bucharest

Șerban Cantacuzino, Două Orașe Distincte. Revista Secolul XX 4/6 (1997): 11–40

Ernie Schoffham, Luminița MacHedon, Șerban Cantacuzino, Romanian Modernism: The Architecture of Bucharest, 1920–1940

Romanian Tourist Office

Romania: Arts & Architecture

Tatiana Murzin, Archived 21 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 2005

Romanian Education

Site for the Ministry of Education containing lists of all educational establishments.

Romanian Education Portal

on the Museums from Romania web site.

Bucharest, the small Paris of the East

Bucica, Cristina. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2005. (39.0 KB), 2000.

"Legitimating Power in Capital Cities: Bucharest – Continuity Through Radical Change?"

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Official website