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Armenians

Armenians (Armenian: հայեր, romanized: hayer, [hɑˈjɛɾ]) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.[44][45][46] Armenians constitute the main population of the Republic of Armenia and constituted the main population of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh until the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh and the subsequent flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians.[47] There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around five million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Germany, Ukraine, Lebanon, Brazil, Argentina, Syria, and Turkey. The present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian genocide with the exceptions of Iran, former Soviet states, and parts of the Levant.[48]

Not to be confused with Arameans or Aromanians.

Total population

1,182,388[5]–2,900,000[6]

1,000,366[7]–1,500,000[8]

250,000[9]–750,000[10]

168,191[11]

41,864[12]

50-1,000

150,000[13]

120,000[14]

90,000–110,000[15]

100,000 (2001)[16]

100,000[17][18]

80,000[19]

70,000[20]

60,000[21]
300,000–5,000,000 (Hidden Armenians)[22][23]

68,855[24]

50,000–70,000[25]

40,000–80,000[26][27][28]

40,000[29]

40,000[30]

30,000[31]

25,000–30,000[32][33]

25,000[34]

22,526[35]

18,000–20,000[36][37][38]

8,000–10,000[39]

5,689[n]–8,374[m] (2021)[40][41]

2,000–10,000[42][43]

Armenian is an Indo-European language.[45][49] It has two mutually intelligible spoken and written forms: Eastern Armenian, today spoken mainly in Armenia, Artsakh, Iran, and the former Soviet republics; and Western Armenian, used in the historical Western Armenia and, after the Armenian genocide, primarily in the Armenian diasporan communities. The unique Armenian alphabet was invented in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots.


Most Armenians adhere to the Armenian Apostolic Church, a non-Chalcedonian Christian church, which is also the world's oldest national church. Christianity began to spread in Armenia soon after Jesus' death, due to the efforts of two of his apostles, St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew.[50] In the early 4th century, the Kingdom of Armenia became the first state to adopt Christianity as a state religion,[51] followed by the first pilgrimages to the Holy Land where a community established the Armenian Quarter of Old Jerusalem.[42][52]

In Hamp's view, the homeland of the proposed Graeco-Armenian subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. He assumes that they migrated from there southeast through the Caucasus with the Armenians remaining after Batumi while the pre-Greeks proceeded westward along the southern coast of the Black Sea.[64]

[64]

Ancient Greek historian (writing c. 440 BCE), suggested that Armenians migrated from Phrygia, a region that encompassed much of western and central Anatolia during the Iron Age: "the Armenians were equipped like Phrygians, being Phrygian colonists" (7.73) (Ἀρμένιοι δὲ κατά περ Φρύγες ἐσεσάχατο, ἐόντες Φρυγῶν ἄποικοι.). This statement was interpreted by later scholars as meaning that Armenians spoke a language derived from Phrygian, a poorly attested Indo-European language. However, this theory has been discredited.[65][66] Ancient Greek writers believed that the Phrygians had originated in the Balkans, in an area adjoining Macedonia, from where they had emigrated to Anatolia during the Bronze Age collapse. This led later scholars to theorize that Armenians also originated in the Balkans. However, an Armenian origin in the Balkans, although once widely accepted, has been facing increased scrutiny in recent years due to discrepancies in the timeline and lack of genetic and archeological evidence.[64][67][68] The view that Armenians are native to the South Caucasus is supported by ancient Armenian historical accounts and legends, which place the Ararat Plain as the cradle of Armenian culture, as well as modern genetic research. In fact, some scholars have suggested that the Phrygians or the apparently related Mushki people were originally from Armenia and moved westward.[69]

Herodotus

The , the world's oldest National Church

Armenian Apostolic Church

The (AGBU) founded in 1906 and the largest Armenian non-profit organization in the world, with educational, cultural and humanitarian projects on all continents

Armenian General Benevolent Union

The , founded in 1890. It is generally referred to as the Dashnaktsutyun, which means Federation in Armenian. The ARF is the strongest worldwide Armenian political organization and the only diasporan Armenian organization with a significant political presence in Armenia.

Armenian Revolutionary Federation

an Armenian cultural and educational society founded in Cairo in 1928, and responsible for the founding of Armenian secondary schools and institutions of higher education in several countries

Hamazkayin

The , representing small communities of Armeno-Catholics in different countries around the world, as well as important monastic and cultural institutions in Venice and Vienna

Armenian Catholic Church

Homenetmen, an and athletic organization founded in 1910 with a worldwide membership of about 25,000

Armenian Scouting

The , founded in 1910

Armenian Relief Society

Genetics

Y-DNA

A 2012 study found that haplogroups R1b, J2, and T were the most notable haplogroups among Armenians.[127]

MtDNA

Most notable mtDNA haplogroups among the Armenian samples are H, U, T, J, K and X while the rest of remaining Mtdna of the Armenians are HV, I, X, W, R0 and N.[128]

Armenian diaspora

Ethnic groups in Europe

Ethnic groups in West Asia

Hayk

Hemshin peoples

Hidden Armenians

List of Armenian ethnic enclaves

Peoples of the Caucasus

Prehistory of the Armenians

Petrosyan, Armen (2006). . Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. 16: 25–66. ISSN 0747-9301.

"Towards the Origins of the Armenian People. The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review"

I. M. Diakonoff, The Pre-History of the Armenian People (revised, trans. Lori Jennings), Caravan Books, New York (1984),  978-0-88206-039-2.

ISBN

George A. Bournoutian, A History of the Armenian People, 2 vol. (1994)

, ed. (September 1997), The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, vol. I – The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-10169-5

Hovannisian, Richard G.

, ed. (September 1997),  The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times , vol. II – Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-10168-6

Hovannisian, Richard G.

(1999), The Armenians (1st ed.), Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, ISBN 0-631-22037-2

Redgate, Anne Elizabeth

The Polish Experience through World War II: A Better Day Has Not Come, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013, ISBN 978-0-7391-7819-5

Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm

Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson, "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin", Nature, 426, 435–439 (2003)

George A. Bournoutian, A Concise History of the Armenian People (Mazda, 2003, 2004).

Ayvazyan, Hovhannes (2003). Հայ Սփյուռք հանրագիտարան [Encyclopedia of Armenian Diaspora] (in Armenian). Vol. 1. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia publishing.  978-5-89700-020-3.

ISBN

Stopka, Krzysztof (2016). . Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press. ISBN 9788323395553.

Armenia Christiana: Armenian Religious Identity and the Churches of Constantinople and Rome (4th-15th century)

Marcarian, Mônica Nalbandian (2016). . Revista de Estudos Orientais (6): 109–115. doi:10.11606/issn.2763-650X.i6p109-115. - on Brazil's Armenian diaspora.

"Diáspora armênia no Brasil"

The UCLA conference series titled "Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces" is organized by the Holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Chair in Modern Armenian History. The conference proceedings are edited by Richard G. Hovannisian. Published in Costa Mesa, CA, by Mazda Publishers, they are: