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Bone fracture

A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a comminuted fracture.[1] A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture.[2]

"Broken bones" redirects here. For other uses, see Broken Bones.

Bone fracture

broken bone, bone break

Breaking in the continuity of the , with or without similar discontinuity in endosteum, as both contain multiple pain receptors.

periosteum

and hematoma of nearby soft tissues caused by ruptured bone marrow evokes pressure pain.

Edema

Involuntary trying to hold bone fragments in place.

muscle spasms

fracture – a fracture due to sustained trauma. e.g., fractures caused by a fall, road traffic accident, fight, etc.

Traumatic

– a fracture through a bone that has been made weak by some underlying disease is called pathological fracture. e.g., a fracture through a bone weakened by metastasis. Osteoporosis is the most common cause of pathological fracture.

Pathologic fracture

fracture – a fracture at the point of mechanical weakness at the end of an implant.

Periprosthetic

Prevention[edit]

Both high- and low-force trauma can cause bone fracture injuries.[29][30] Preventive efforts to reduce motor vehicle crashes, the most common cause of high-force trauma, include reducing distractions while driving.[31] Common distractions are driving under the influence and texting or calling while driving, both of which lead to an approximate 6-fold increase in crashes.[31] Wearing a seatbelt can also reduce the likelihood of injury in a collision.[31] 30 km/h or 20 mph speed limits (as opposed to the more common intracity 50 km/h / 30 mph) also drastically reduce the risk of accident, serious injury and even death in crashes between motor vehicles and humans. Vision Zero aims to reduce traffic deaths to zero through better traffic design and other measures and to drastically reduce traffic injuries which would prevent many bone fractures.


A common cause of low-force trauma is an at-home fall.[29][30] When considering preventative efforts, the National Institute of Health (NIH) examines ways to reduce the likelihood of falling, the force of the fall, and bone fragility.[32] To prevent at-home falls they suggest keeping cords out of high-traffic areas where someone could trip, installing handrails and keeping stairways well-lit, and installing an assistive bar near the bathtub in the washroom for support.[32] To reduce the impact of a fall the NIH recommends to try falling straight down on your buttocks or onto your hands.[32]


Some sports have a relatively high risk of bone fractures as a common sports injury. Preventive measures depend to some extent on the specific sport, but learning proper technique, wearing protective gear and having a realistic estimation of one's own capabilities and limitations can all help reduce the risk of bone fracture. In contact sports rules have been put in place to protect athlete health, such as the prohibition of unnecessary roughness in American football.


Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements can help strengthen your bones.[32] Vitamin D supplements combined with additional calcium marginally reduces the risk of hip fractures and other types of fracture in older adults; however, vitamin D supplementation alone did not reduce the risk of fractures.[33]

A greenstick fracture occurs due to mechanical failure on the tension side. That is since the bone is not so brittle as it would be in an adult, it does not completely fracture, but rather exhibits bowing without complete disruption of the bone's in the surface opposite the applied force.

cortex

Growth plate injuries, as in , require careful treatment and accurate reduction to make sure that the bone continues to grow normally.

Salter-Harris fractures

of the bone, in which the bone permanently bends, but does not break, also is possible in children. These injuries may require an osteotomy (bone cut) to realign the bone if it is fixed and cannot be realigned by closed methods.

Plastic deformation

Certain fractures mainly occur in children, including fracture of the and supracondylar fracture of the humerus.

clavicle

In children, whose bones are still developing, there are risks of either a growth plate injury or a greenstick fracture.

Stress fracture

Distraction osteogenesis

Rickets

Catagmatic

U.S. Army surgeon who developed Orthopedic plaster casts

H. Winnett Orr

American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS)

Authoritative information in orthopaedic surgery

Radiographic Atlas of Fracture