Chams
The Chams (Cham: ꨌꩌ, Čaṃ), or Champa people (Cham: ꨂꨣꩃ ꨌꩌꨛꨩ, Urang Campa;[7] Vietnamese: Người Chăm or Người Chàm; Khmer: ជនជាតិចាម, Chônchéatĕ Cham), are an Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia as well as an indigenous people of central Vietnam. They are the original inhabitants of coastal areas in Vietnam and Cambodia, along the South China Sea, since before the arrival of the Cambodians and Vietnamese, during the expansion of the Khmer Empire (802–1431 CE) and the Vietnamese conquest of Champa (11th–19th century CE).[8][9]
This article is about the Cham people of Southeast Asia. For the former minority of Greece, see Cham Albanians. For other uses, see Chams (disambiguation).
From the 2nd century CE, the Cham founded Champa, a collection of independent Hindu-Buddhist principalities in what is now central and southern Vietnam. By the 17th century CE, Champa became an Islamic sultanate.[10] Today, the Cham people are largely Muslim, with a minority following Hinduism, both formed the indigenous Muslim and Hindu population in both Cambodia and Vietnam.[11] Despite their adherence to Islam, the Cham people still retain their ancestral practice of matriarchy in family and inheritance.[12]
The Cham people speak Cham and Tsat (the latter is spoken by the Utsul, a Cham subgroup on China's Hainan Island), the two Chamic languages from the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family.[13] The Cham people were one among several ethnic groups that were primarily targeted by the Khmer Rouge's ethnic cleansing campaign during the Cambodian Genocide (1975–1979).[14]
The version of Islam practiced by the Vietnamese Chams in Central Vietnam is often called Bani which contains many pre-Islamic beliefs and rituals such as magic, spirit worship, and propitiation of the souls of former kings, something mistaken to . Bani Islam is the syncretic form of Shi'a Islam (including minor influences from Sunni and Sufism teaching) that blends indigenous cultural beliefs that are practiced by the Cham Bani, who predominantly live in Vietnam's Bình Thuận and Ninh Thuận Provinces, and is considered unorthodox from mainstream Islam.[91] The Cham Bani worship in mosques which are where the main communal setting for prayers and religious rituals take place among the Bani Cham[91] They also celebrate the month of Ramuwan (Ramadan), during which they pray to Allah for their deceased ancestors in the hereafter and pray for good fortune in the lives, and the acar (Imams) stay at the thang magik (Mosques) for one month and pray to God the practice is known as Iʿtikāf. In general, the Bani Muslims are not willing to identify themselves as Shi'a or even Muslims, but as Bani Muslims instead, although some even openly reject the terms "Muslims" in favour of "Banis" alone.[91] It should be noted, however, that the notion of Bani being an Islamic sect is only a norm used by the official narratives, while most Muslim scholars reject Bani as an Islamic sect due to its abnormal practise unseen even in mainstream Shia Islam, where Bani originated from.[92]
Hinduism
ruler of Champa from 1780 to 1793
Po Tisuntiraidapuran
Vietnamese-Cham activist leader of FULRO, he was also a Cham cultural historian
Po Dharma
Sos Math, Cambodian-Cham singer, songwriter from the 1950s to the 1970s ; his son Sos Mach is also a popular singer from the 90's still today
Has Salan, Cambodian-Cham classical violinist, composer and actor from the 1950s to 1970s
Musa Porome, Cham rights activist
expert on Cham music
Amu Nhan
the last strong king of Champa
Po Binasuor
Vietnamese-Cham singer
Chế Linh
Dang Nang Tho, Vietnamese-Cham sculptor and director of Cham Cultural Center, Phan Rang, Ninh Thuan Province
(Mr Phu Tram), poet and author
Inrasara
H.E. Othman Hassan (អូស្មាន ហាស្សាន់៖), Cambodian-Cham politician; secretary of state at the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training of , Advisor and Special Envoy to Prime Minister Hun Sen, President of Cambodian Muslim Development Foundation (CMDF), Secretary General of the Foundation for Cambodian People's Poverty Alleviation (PAL), vice-director of Cambodian Islamic Center (CIC), Patron of Islamic Medical Association of Cambodia (IMAC); Cambodian People's Party
Cambodia
H.E. Nos Sles (ណុះ ស្លេះ), Cambodian-Cham politician; secretary of state at the Ministry of Education and Sport of Cambodia;
Cambodian People's Party
H.E. also transliterated Amadh Yahya, Cambodian-Cham politician; ex-Member of Parliament, deputy in the National Assembly of Cambodia representing Kampong Cham province, President of Cambodian Islamic Development Association (CIDA); Candlelight Party and Cambodia National Rescue Party
Amath Yashya
H.E. Zakarya Adam, Cambodian-Cham politician; Secretary of State at Ministry of Cults and Religion, Vice President of CMDF, General Secretary of CIC & Vice-chairperson of IWMC;
Cambodian People's Party
H.E. Sith Ibrahim, Cambodian-Cham politician; at Ministry of Cults and Religion; FUNCINPEC
Secretary of State
H.E. Dr. Sos Mousine, Cambodian-Cham politician; Under Secretary of State at , President of Cambodian Muslim Students Association and IMAC, Member of CMDF, Under-General Secretary of CIC; Cambodian People's Party
Ministry of Rural Development
H.E. Sman Teath, Cambodian-Cham politician; Member of Parliament representing Pursat, Member of CMDF, Under-General Secretary of CIC;
Cambodian People's Party
H.E. Sem Sokha, Cambodian-Cham politician; Under Secretary of State at Ministry of Social Affairs and Veterans, member of CMDF;
Cambodian People's Party
Her E. Kob Mariah, Cambodian-Cham politician; at Ministry of Women, General Secretary of Cambodian Islamic Women Development & Cambodian Islamic Women's Development Organization Association, member of CMDF; Cambodian People's Party
Under Secretary
H.E. Msas Loh, Cambodian-Cham politician; Under Secretary of State at Office of the Council of Ministers, Patron of Cambodian Islamic Association;
Cambodian People's Party
H.E. Paing Punyamin, Cambodian-Cham politician; Member of Parliament representing , Member of CMDF, Executive Member of CIC; Cambodian People's Party
Kampong Chhnang
H.E. Wan Math, Cambodian-Cham politician; Member of the Senate, President of Islamic Association; Cambodian People's Party
Cambodian
Sem Soprey, Cambodian-Cham politician ; Vice Governor of province & Member of CMDF ; Cambodian People's Party
Kampong Cham
Saleh Sen, Cambodian-Cham politician; of Kampong Chhnang province & Member of CMDF
Vice Governor
General Chao Tol, Cambodian-Cham politician; Assistant to the Prime Minister ; Cambodian People's Party
Hun Sen
General Sen Komary, Cambodian-Cham politician; Head of Department of Health at , Member of IMAC; Cambodian People's Party
Ministry of National Defense
Cambodian footballer
Yeu Muslim
Vietnamese footballer
Dụng Quang Nho
Italian-Somali writer of distant Cham origin, born in Phnom Penh
Fatima Ahmed
In accordance with Cham custom, the surname is followed by the given name.
Art of Champa
Cham alphabet
Cham language
Cham calendar
Islam in Cambodia
Islam in Vietnam
Hinduism in Southeast Asia
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Sino–Malay Trade and Diplomacy from the Tenth through the Fourteenth Century
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Mostiller, Marimas Hosan (2021). "The Nexus of Asian Indigeneity, Refugee Status, and Asian Settler Colonialism in the Case of Indigenous Cham Muslim Refugees". Amerasia Journal. 47 (1): 112–118. :10.1080/00447471.2021.1990001. S2CID 245274893.
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A Journey of Ethnicity: In Search of the Cham of Vietnam
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Britannica Cham people
Mitsraym, Islam. OnIslam.net. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Cham Muslims: Liberate Not Expatriate.
Book by Philip Taylor about the settlement history, religion, economic life and political relations of the Cham Muslims in the Mekong delta of Vietnam
Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta
Proceedings of the Seminar on Champa
Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th—19th Centuries
The Survivors of a Lost Civilisation
Cham Muslims: A look at Cambodia's Muslim minority
Cham Muslims of Indo-China
by Antonio Graceffo
Article about the Cham people living in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia
by Antonio Graceffo
Article about Cham fishermen living near Mekong Island, Cambodia
in Cambodia showing a battle between the Khmer and the Cham
Stone carvings at Bayon
by Murat Karaali, Phnom Penh Post, January 1995
The face of Islam in a Buddhist land
a new site on Chams