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Chams

The Chams (Cham: ꨌꩌ, Čaṃ), or Champa people (Cham: ꨂꨣꩃ ꨌꩌꨛꨩ, Urang Campa;[7] Vietnamese: Người Chăm or Người Chàm; Khmer: ជនជាតិចាម, Chônchéatĕ Cham), are an Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia as well as an indigenous people of central Vietnam. They are the original inhabitants of coastal areas in Vietnam and Cambodia, along the South China Sea, since before the arrival of the Cambodians and Vietnamese, during the expansion of the Khmer Empire (802–1431 CE) and the Vietnamese conquest of Champa (11th–19th century CE).[8][9]

This article is about the Cham people of Southeast Asia. For the former minority of Greece, see Cham Albanians. For other uses, see Chams (disambiguation).

ꨂꨣꩃ ꨌꩌꨛꨩ
Urang Campa

600,000[1]

178,948[2]

25,000[3]

10,000[4]

4,000

3,000

1,000

700[5]

From the 2nd century CE, the Cham founded Champa, a collection of independent Hindu-Buddhist principalities in what is now central and southern Vietnam. By the 17th century CE, Champa became an Islamic sultanate.[10] Today, the Cham people are largely Muslim, with a minority following Hinduism, both formed the indigenous Muslim and Hindu population in both Cambodia and Vietnam.[11] Despite their adherence to Islam, the Cham people still retain their ancestral practice of matriarchy in family and inheritance.[12]


The Cham people speak Cham and Tsat (the latter is spoken by the Utsul, a Cham subgroup on China's Hainan Island), the two Chamic languages from the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family.[13] The Cham people were one among several ethnic groups that were primarily targeted by the Khmer Rouge's ethnic cleansing campaign during the Cambodian Genocide (1975–1979).[14]

The version of Islam practiced by the Vietnamese Chams in Central Vietnam is often called Bani which contains many pre-Islamic beliefs and rituals such as magic, spirit worship, and propitiation of the souls of former kings, something mistaken to . Bani Islam is the syncretic form of Shi'a Islam (including minor influences from Sunni and Sufism teaching) that blends indigenous cultural beliefs that are practiced by the Cham Bani, who predominantly live in Vietnam's Bình Thuận and Ninh Thuận Provinces, and is considered unorthodox from mainstream Islam.[91] The Cham Bani worship in mosques which are where the main communal setting for prayers and religious rituals take place among the Bani Cham[91] They also celebrate the month of Ramuwan (Ramadan), during which they pray to Allah for their deceased ancestors in the hereafter and pray for good fortune in the lives, and the acar (Imams) stay at the thang magik (Mosques) for one month and pray to God the practice is known as Iʿtikāf. In general, the Bani Muslims are not willing to identify themselves as Shi'a or even Muslims, but as Bani Muslims instead, although some even openly reject the terms "Muslims" in favour of "Banis" alone.[91] It should be noted, however, that the notion of Bani being an Islamic sect is only a norm used by the official narratives, while most Muslim scholars reject Bani as an Islamic sect due to its abnormal practise unseen even in mainstream Shia Islam, where Bani originated from.[92]

Hinduism

ruler of Champa from 1780 to 1793

Po Tisuntiraidapuran

Cambodian-Cham activist leader in FULRO (d. 1976)

Les Kosem

Vietnamese-Cham activist leader of FULRO, he was also a Cham cultural historian

Po Dharma

Sos Math, Cambodian-Cham singer, songwriter from the 1950s to the 1970s ; his son Sos Mach is also a popular singer from the 90's still today

Has Salan, Cambodian-Cham classical violinist, composer and actor from the 1950s to 1970s

Musa Porome, Cham rights activist

king of Champa

Maha Sajan

expert on Cham music

Amu Nhan

the last strong king of Champa

Po Binasuor

Vietnamese-Cham singer

Chế Linh

Dang Nang Tho, Vietnamese-Cham sculptor and director of Cham Cultural Center, Phan Rang, Ninh Thuan Province

(Mr Phu Tram), poet and author

Inrasara

H.E. Othman Hassan (អូស្មាន ហាស្សាន់៖), Cambodian-Cham politician; secretary of state at the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training of , Advisor and Special Envoy to Prime Minister Hun Sen, President of Cambodian Muslim Development Foundation (CMDF), Secretary General of the Foundation for Cambodian People's Poverty Alleviation (PAL), vice-director of Cambodian Islamic Center (CIC), Patron of Islamic Medical Association of Cambodia (IMAC); Cambodian People's Party

Cambodia

H.E. Nos Sles (ណុះ ស្លេះ), Cambodian-Cham politician; secretary of state at the Ministry of Education and Sport of Cambodia;

Cambodian People's Party

H.E. also transliterated Amadh Yahya, Cambodian-Cham politician; ex-Member of Parliament, deputy in the National Assembly of Cambodia representing Kampong Cham province, President of Cambodian Islamic Development Association (CIDA); Candlelight Party and Cambodia National Rescue Party

Amath Yashya

H.E. Zakarya Adam, Cambodian-Cham politician; Secretary of State at Ministry of Cults and Religion, Vice President of CMDF, General Secretary of CIC & Vice-chairperson of IWMC;

Cambodian People's Party

H.E. Sith Ibrahim, Cambodian-Cham politician; at Ministry of Cults and Religion; FUNCINPEC

Secretary of State

H.E. Dr. Sos Mousine, Cambodian-Cham politician; Under Secretary of State at , President of Cambodian Muslim Students Association and IMAC, Member of CMDF, Under-General Secretary of CIC; Cambodian People's Party

Ministry of Rural Development

H.E. Sman Teath, Cambodian-Cham politician; Member of Parliament representing Pursat, Member of CMDF, Under-General Secretary of CIC;

Cambodian People's Party

H.E. Sem Sokha, Cambodian-Cham politician; Under Secretary of State at Ministry of Social Affairs and Veterans, member of CMDF;

Cambodian People's Party

Her E. Kob Mariah, Cambodian-Cham politician; at Ministry of Women, General Secretary of Cambodian Islamic Women Development & Cambodian Islamic Women's Development Organization Association, member of CMDF; Cambodian People's Party

Under Secretary

H.E. Msas Loh, Cambodian-Cham politician; Under Secretary of State at Office of the Council of Ministers, Patron of Cambodian Islamic Association;

Cambodian People's Party

H.E. Paing Punyamin, Cambodian-Cham politician; Member of Parliament representing , Member of CMDF, Executive Member of CIC; Cambodian People's Party

Kampong Chhnang

H.E. Wan Math, Cambodian-Cham politician; Member of the Senate, President of Islamic Association; Cambodian People's Party

Cambodian

H.E. Sabo Bacha, Cambodian-Cham politician; Member of the ; FUNCINPEC

Senate

Sem Soprey, Cambodian-Cham politician ; Vice Governor of province & Member of CMDF ; Cambodian People's Party

Kampong Cham

Saleh Sen, Cambodian-Cham politician; of Kampong Chhnang province & Member of CMDF

Vice Governor

H.E. Ismail Osman, Cambodian-Cham politician; Advisor to His Royal Highness Prince (នរោត្តម រណឫទ្) of the Kingdom of Cambodia, President of the National Assembly; FUNCINPEC

Norodom Ranariddh

General Chao Tol, Cambodian-Cham politician; Assistant to the Prime Minister ; Cambodian People's Party

Hun Sen

General Sen Komary, Cambodian-Cham politician; Head of Department of Health at , Member of IMAC; Cambodian People's Party

Ministry of National Defense

Cham-American soccer player[108]

Samad Bounthong

Cambodian footballer

Yeu Muslim

Vietnamese footballer

Dụng Quang Nho

Italian-Somali writer of distant Cham origin, born in Phnom Penh

Fatima Ahmed

In accordance with Cham custom, the surname is followed by the given name.

Art of Champa

Cham alphabet

Cham language

Cham calendar

Islam in Cambodia

Islam in Vietnam

Hinduism in Southeast Asia

(1891). Les Tchames et leurs religions. E. Leroux.

Aymonier, Étienne

Watson Andaya, Barbara (2006). . University of Hawaii Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8248-2955-1.

The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia

(1901). Nouvelles recherches sur les Chams. E. Leroux.

Cabaton, Antoine

; Carswell, John (1995). Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00032-9.

Hourani, George

Chapuis, Oscar (1995). . Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29622-2.

A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc

Davidson, Jeremy H. C. S. (1991). . Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7286-0183-3.

Austroasiatic Languages: Essays in Honour of H.L. Shorto

Đỗ Hải Minh (1965). "Dân Tộc Chàm Lược sử". Saigon.

Heng, Derek (2009). . Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-89680-475-3.

Sino–Malay Trade and Diplomacy from the Tenth through the Fourteenth Century

Hooker, M. B. (1 January 2002). . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-125-3.

Law and the Chinese in Southeast Asia

; Roof, Wade Clark (2011). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5.

Juergensmeyer, Mark

(1 October 2008). Blood and Soil. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13793-4.

Kiernan, Ben

Lee, Jonathan H. X. (2014). Southeast Asian Diaspora in the United States: Memories and Visions, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Cambridge Scholars Publisher.  978-1-44386-979-9.

ISBN

Mostiller, Marimas Hosan (2021). "The Nexus of Asian Indigeneity, Refugee Status, and Asian Settler Colonialism in the Case of Indigenous Cham Muslim Refugees". Amerasia Journal. 47 (1): 112–118. :10.1080/00447471.2021.1990001. S2CID 245274893.

doi

Nakamura, Rie (2020). . Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781527543096.

A Journey of Ethnicity: In Search of the Cham of Vietnam

Nguyen, T.T.T (2021). "Ethnic Stereotypes in the Central Highlands of Vietnam: Minority Students' Perspectives". Sociological Research Online. 27 (2): 452–469. :10.1177/13607804211015820. S2CID 237876655 – via SAGE Publishing.

doi

Nguyen, T.T.T (2022). "Educational linguicism: linguistic discrimination against minority students in Vietnamese mainstream schools". Language Policy. 21 (2): 167–194. :10.1007/s10993-021-09601-4. S2CID 239164493 – via Springer Publishing.

doi

Salim, Maryam. (2005) "The Laws of Kedah, 220 Hijrah" A text translation from jawi script to rumi script Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Malaysia.

Schliesinger, Joachim (11 January 2015). . Booksmango. ISBN 978-1-63323-240-2.

Ethnic Groups of Cambodia Vol 3: Profile of Austro-Thai and Sinitic-Speaking Peoples

(1988). The Vietnamese Tradition of Human Rights. Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. ISBN 978-1-55729-002-1.

Tạ, Văn Tài

(1999). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66370-0.

Tarling, Nicholas

Taylor, Philip (2007). . NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-361-9.

Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta: Place and Mobility in the Cosmopolitan Periphery

Twishime, P.I. (2022), , in Walker, Devin L.; Lyons, Linda M.; Vaught, Seneca (eds.), Historically Underrepresented Faculty and Students in Education Abroad: Wandering Where We Belong, Springer Publishing, pp. 235–256, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13056-4_11, ISBN 978-3-03113-055-7

"Asian American Heritage Seeking: Toward a Critical and Conscious Study Abroad Curriculum"

Wicks, Robert S. (1992). . SEAP Publications. ISBN 978-0-87727-710-1.

Money, Markets, and Trade in Early Southeast Asia: The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems to AD 1400

Yee, Edmond; Matsuoka, Fumitaka; Lee, Jonathan H. X. (2015). Asian American Religious Cultures [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO.  978-1-59884-330-9.

ISBN

Yoo, H. C.; Gabriel, Abigail K.; Okazaki, Sumie (2022). "Advancing Research Within Asian American Psychology Using Asian Critical Race Theory and an Asian Americanist Perspective". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 62 (4): 563–590. :10.1177/00221678211062721. S2CID 245465232.

doi

Media related to Cham people at Wikimedia Commons

Britannica Cham people

Mitsraym, Islam. OnIslam.net. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.

Cham Muslims: Liberate Not Expatriate.

Book by Philip Taylor about the settlement history, religion, economic life and political relations of the Cham Muslims in the Mekong delta of Vietnam

Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta

Proceedings of the Seminar on Champa

Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th—19th Centuries

The Survivors of a Lost Civilisation

Cham Muslims: A look at Cambodia's Muslim minority

Cham Muslims of Indo-China

by Antonio Graceffo

Article about the Cham people living in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia

by Antonio Graceffo

Article about Cham fishermen living near Mekong Island, Cambodia

in Cambodia showing a battle between the Khmer and the Cham

Stone carvings at Bayon

by Murat Karaali, Phnom Penh Post, January 1995

The face of Islam in a Buddhist land

a new site on Chams

Chamstudies

Picture of Muslim cham girls

Radio Sapcham