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Gdańsk

Gdańsk[a] is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. With a population of 486,492,[8] it is Poland's sixth-largest city and principal seaport.[9][7] Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River and is situated at the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay, close to the city of Gdynia and resort town of Sopot; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of approximately 1.5 million.[10]

"Danzig" redirects here. For other uses, see Danzig (disambiguation) and Gdańsk (disambiguation).

Gdańsk

Poland

city county

10th century

1263

266 km2 (103 sq mi)

414.81 km2 (160.16 sq mi)

180 m (590 ft)

486,492 (6th)[1]

1,800/km2 (5,000/sq mi)

749,786

1,080,700

€20.529 billion (2020)

80-008 to 80–958

+48 58

The city has a complex history, having had periods of Polish, German and self rule. An important shipbuilding and trade port since the Middle Ages, in 1361 it became a member of the Hanseatic League which influenced its economic, demographic and urban landscape. It also served as Poland's principal seaport, and was the largest city of Poland in the 15th-17th centuries. In 1793, within the Partitions of Poland, the city became part of Prussia, and thus a part of the German Empire from 1871 after the unification of Germany. Following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, it was a Free City under the protection of the League of Nations from 1920 to 1939. On 1 September 1939 it was the scene of the first clash of World War II at Westerplatte. The contemporary city was shaped by extensive border changes, expulsions and new settlement after 1945. In the 1980s, Gdańsk was the birthplace of the Solidarity movement, which helped precipitate the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.


Gdańsk is home to the University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk University of Technology, the National Museum, the Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre, the Museum of the Second World War, the Polish Baltic Philharmonic, the Polish Space Agency and the European Solidarity Centre. Among Gdańsk's most notable historical landmarks are the Town Hall, the Green Gate, Artus Court, Neptune's Fountain, and St. Mary's Church, one of the largest brick churches in the world. The city is served by Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, the country's third busiest airport and the most important international airport in northern Poland.


Gdańsk is among the most visited cities in Poland, having received 3.4 million tourists according to data collected in 2019.[11] The city also hosts St. Dominic's Fair, which dates back to 1260,[12] and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe.[13] Gdańsk has also topped rankings for the quality of life, safety and living standards worldwide, and its historic city center has been listed as one of Poland's national monuments.[14][15][16][17]

Highland Gate (), which marks the beginning of the Royal Route

Brama Wyżynna

Torture House (Katownia) and Prison Tower (Wieża więzienna), now housing the Amber Museum ()

Muzeum Bursztynu

Mansion of the Society of Saint George ()

Dwór Bractwa św. Jerzego

(Złota Brama)[156]

Golden Gate

Ulica Długa

Długi Targ

(Zielona Brama), a Mannerist gate, built as a formal residence of Polish kings, now housing a branch of the National Museum in Gdańsk[165]

Green Gate

Olivia Business Centre

Poland

Gdańsk Główny railway station
Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport – an international airport located in Gdańsk;[179]

The , (SKM)[180] the Fast Urban Railway, functions as a Metro system for the Tricity area including Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia, operating frequent trains to 27 stations covering the Tricity.[181] The service is operated by electric multiple unit trains at a varying frequency.

Szybka Kolej Miejska

Railways: The principal station in Gdańsk is , served by both SKM local trains and PKP long-distance trains. In addition, long-distance trains also stop at Gdańsk Oliwa railway station, Gdańsk Wrzeszcz railway station, Sopot, and Gdynia. Gdańsk also has nine other railway stations, served by local SKM trains;

Gdańsk Główny railway station

Long-distance trains are operated by which provides connections with all major Polish cities, including Warsaw, Kraków, Łódź, Poznań, Katowice, Szczecin, and Częstochowa, and with the neighbouring Kashubian Lakes region.

PKP Intercity

Between 2011 and 2015, the Warsaw-Gdańsk-Gdynia railway route underwent a major upgrade. The project cost $3 billion and was partly funded by the European Investment Bank. The upgrades included track replacement, realignment of curves and relocation of sections of track to allow speeds up to 200 km/h (124 mph), modernization of stations, and installation of the most modern ETCS signalling system, which was completed in June 2015. In December 2014, new Alstom Pendolino high-speed trains were put into service between Gdańsk, Warsaw and Kraków reducing the rail travel time from Gdańsk to Warsaw to 2 hours 58 minutes,[182][183] further reduced in December 2015 to 2 hours 39 minutes.[184]


Gdańsk is the starting point of the EuroVelo 9 cycling route which continues southward through Poland, then into the Czech Republic, Austria and Slovenia before ending at the Adriatic Sea in Pula, Croatia.


Additionally, Gdańsk is part of the Rail-2-Sea project. This project's objective is to connect the city with the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanța with a 3,663 km (2,276 mi) long railway line passing through Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.[186][187]

Speedway club ;

Wybrzeże Gdańsk

Rugby club ;

Lechia Gdańsk

Handball club ;

GKS Wybrzeże Gdańsk

Ice hockey club ;

Stoczniowiec Gdańsk

Volleyball club .

Trefl Gdańsk

There are many popular professional sports teams in the Gdańsk and Tricity area. The city's professional football club is Lechia Gdańsk.[188] Founded in 1945, they play in the Ekstraklasa, Poland's top division. Their home stadium, Stadion Miejski,[189] was one of the four Polish stadiums to host the UEFA Euro 2012 competition,[190] as well as the host of the 2021 UEFA Europa League Final.[191] Other notable football clubs are Gedania 1922 Gdańsk and SKS Stoczniowiec Gdańsk, which both played in the second tier in the past.[192][193]


Other notable clubs include:


The city's Hala Olivia was a venue for the official 2009 EuroBasket,[194] and the Ergo Arena was one of the 2013 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships venues.[195][196][197]

Civic Coalition

Civic Platform

– 8 seats

Law and Justice

– 1 seat

The Left

Kaliningrad, Russia

Russia

Poles that had been freed from [222][223]

forced labor in Nazi Germany

: Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border. This included assimilated minorities such as the Polish-Armenian community[222][223]

Repatriates

Poles incl. relocating from nearby villages and small towns[224]

Kashubians

Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily

[222]

Non-Poles forcibly resettled during in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Lemkos, and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form.[225]

Operation Vistula

Holocaust survivors, most of them Polish repatriates from the Eastern Borderlands.[226]

Jewish

The 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants, 95% were German, and 3% were Polish and Kashubian. The end of World War II is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdańsk.[213]


German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet Red Army advanced, composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of Soviet atrocities, and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945.[214] Approximately 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population residing east of the Oder–Neisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945.[215] German civilians were also sent as "reparations labour" to the Soviet Union.[216][217]


Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German-speaking population, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945.[218] On 30 March 1945, the Gdańsk Voivodeship was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the Recovered Territories.[219] As of 1 November 1945, around 93,029 Germans remained within the city limits.[220] The locals of German descent who declared Polish nationality were permitted to remain; as of 1 January 1949, 13,424 persons who had received Polish citizenship in a post-war "ethnic vetting" process lived in Gdańsk.[221]


The settlers can be grouped according to their background:

Tourism in Poland

List of honorary citizens of Gdańsk

– a minor planet orbiting the Sun

764 Gedania

Danzig Highflyer

Father Eugeniusz Dutkiewicz SAC Hospice

Kashubians

List of neighbourhoods of Gdańsk

St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk

Laznia Centre for Contemporary Art

Ronald Reagan Park

Live in Gdańsk