Economy of Germany
The economy of Germany is a highly developed social market economy.[23] It has the largest national economy in Europe, the third-largest by nominal GDP in the world, and fifth by GDP (PPP). Due to a volatile currency exchange rate, Germany's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply. In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the euro area economy according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[24] Germany is a founding member of the European Union and the eurozone.[25][26]
Currency
Euro (EUR, €)
- Advanced economy[1]
- High-income economy[2]
- Largest European economy[3]
- Welfare state[4][5]
84,270,625 (2022)[6]
- −0.3% (2023)
- 0.2% (2024)
- 1.3% (2025)[7]
- agriculture: 0.7%
- industry: 30.7%
- services: 68.6%
- (2017)[3]
- Household consumption: 53.1%
- Government consumption: 19.5%
- Investment in fixed capital: 20.4%
- Investment in inventories: −0.5%
- Exports of goods and services: 47.3%
- Imports of goods and services: −38.7%
- (2017)[3]
- 6.0% (2023)
- 2.4% (2024)
- 2.0% (2025)[7]
21.3% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE 2023)[8]
29.4 low (2023)[9]
- agriculture: 1.4%
- industry: 24.2%
- services: 74.3%
- (2016)[3]
motor vehicles, machinery, chemicals, computer and electronic products, electrical equipment, pharmaceuticals, metals, transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, rubber and plastic products
European Union 53.6%
France 7.5%
Netherlands 6.4%
Italy 5.6%
Poland 5.3%
Austria 5.2%
Belgium 3.7%
United States 8.6%
China 7.7%
United Kingdom 4.8%
Switzerland 4.4%- (2021)[13][3]
machinery, data processing equipment, vehicles, chemicals, oil and gas, metals, electric equipment, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, agricultural products
- European Union 58.6%
- Netherlands 9.6%
- Poland 6.6%
- Italy 5.8%
- France 5.5%
Czechia 5.2%- Belgium 4.6%
- China 10%
- United States 4.8%
- Switzerland 4.1%
- United Kingdom 2.9%
- (2021)[14][3]
$280 billion (2019)[3]
$5.4 trillion (2022)[15]
46.1% of GDP (2023)[16]
48.6% of GDP (2023)[16]
- €26 billion from European Structural and Investment Funds (2007–2013)[17]
- €27.87 billion from European Structural and Investment Funds (2014–2020)[18]
$400 billion (2022)[22]
In 2016, Germany recorded the highest trade surplus in the world, worth $310 billion.[27] This economic result made it the biggest capital exporter globally.[28] Germany is one of the largest exporters globally with $1.81 trillion worth of goods and services exported in 2019.[29][30] The service sector contributes around 70% of the total GDP, industry 29.1%, and agriculture 0.9%. Exports accounted for 50.3% of national output.[31][32] The top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipment, pharmaceuticals, transport equipment, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics.[33] The economy of Germany is the largest manufacturing economy in Europe, and it is less likely to be affected by a financial downturn.[34] Germany conducts applied research with practical industrial value and sees itself as a bridge between the latest university insights and industry-specific product and process improvements. It generates a great deal of knowledge in its own laboratories.[35] Among OECD members, Germany has a highly efficient and strong social security system, which comprises roughly 25% of GDP.[5][36][4]
Germany is rich in timber, lignite, potash, and salt. Some minor sources of natural gas are being exploited in the state of Lower Saxony. Until German reunification, the German Democratic Republic mined for uranium in the Ore Mountains (see also: SAG/SDAG Wismut). Energy in Germany is sourced predominantly by fossil fuels (30%), with wind power in second place, then gas, solar, biomass (wood and biofuels), and hydro.[37] Germany is the first major industrialised nation to commit to the renewable energy transition called Energiewende. Germany is the leading producer of wind turbines in the world.[38] Renewables produced 46% of electricity consumed in Germany (as of 2019).[39] Germany has been called "the world's first major renewable energy economy".[40][41] Germany has the world's second-largest gold reserve, with over 3,000 tonnes of gold.[42] Germany spends around 3.14% of GDP on advance research and development across various sectors of the economy.[43][44] It is also the world's second-largest high-technology exporter.[45]
More than 99 per cent of all German companies belong to the German "Mittelstand",[46] small and medium-sized enterprises, which are mostly family-owned. These companies represent 48% of the global market leaders in their segments, labelled hidden champions.[47] Of the world's 2000 largest publicly listed companies measured by revenue, the Fortune Global 2000, 53 are headquartered in Germany, with the top 10 being the following: Allianz, the world's largest insurance company and one of the largest financial services groups and asset managers, largest in Europe; Munich Re, also one of the largest insurance companies; Daimler, Volkswagen, and BMW, among the biggest car markers in the world;[48] Siemens, the world's biggest industrial machinery company; Deutsche Telekom, one of the world's largest telecommunication companies; Bayer, among the biggest biomedical companies; BASF, the world's 2nd biggest chemical producer; and SAP, Europe's biggest software company.[49] Other major companies include Lufthansa, Europe's largest airline, Deutsche Post, the largest logistics company worldwide,[50] Deutsche Bahn, the largest railway company in the world,[51][52][53] Bosch, the world's largest automotive supplier, Uniper, the world´s largest energy company, and Aldi and Schwarz Gruppe, Europe's largest retailers.[54]
Germany is home to many financial centres and economically important cities, such as Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, and Stuttgart; 6 of the 10 biggest EU metropolitan areas by GDP are in Germany. 7 German banks are among the biggest in the world.
Germany is the world's top location for trade fairs;[55] around two thirds of the world's leading trade fairs take place in Germany.[56] Some of the largest international trade fairs and congresses are held in several German cities such as Hanover, Frankfurt, Cologne, Leipzig, and Düsseldorf.
Railway construction as an expression of the Industrial Revolution (here the Bonn-Cölner railway around 1844)
