Haredi Judaism

Haredi Judaism (Hebrew: יהדות חֲרֵדִית, romanized: Yahadut Ḥaredit, IPA: [ħaʁeˈdi]; plural Haredim) is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that is characterized by its strict interpretation of religious sources and its accepted halakha (Jewish law) and traditions, in opposition to more accommodating or modern values and practices. Its members are usually referred to as ultra-Orthodox in English; however, the term "ultra-Orthodox" is considered pejorative by many of its adherents, who prefer terms like strictly Orthodox or Haredi. Haredi Jews regard themselves as the most religiously authentic group of Jews,^[1] although other movements of Judaism disagree.^[2]

Some scholars have suggested that Haredi Judaism is a reaction to societal changes, including political emancipation, the Haskalah movement derived from the Enlightenment, acculturation, secularization, religious reform in all its forms from mild to extreme, and the rise of the Jewish national movement. In contrast to Modern Orthodox Judaism, followers of Haredi Judaism segregate themselves from other parts of society to an extent. However, many Haredi communities encourage their young people to get a professional degree or establish a business. Furthermore, some Haredi groups, like Chabad-Lubavitch, encourage outreach to less observant and unaffiliated Jews and hilonim (secular Israeli Jews). Thus, professional and social relationships often form between Haredi and non-Haredi Jews, as well as between Haredi Jews and non-Jews.

Haredi communities are found primarily in Israel (17% of Israeli Jews), North America (12% of American Jews), and Western Europe (most notably Antwerp and Stamford Hill in London). Their estimated global population numbers 2.1 million as of 2020, and, due to a virtual absence of interfaith marriage and a high birth rate, the Haredi population is growing rapidly. For example, 61% of all Jewish children living in the eight-county New York City metropolitan area are Orthodox, with Haredim making up 49% as of 2011.^[3] Their numbers have been further boosted since the 1970s by secular Jews adopting a Haredi lifestyle as part of the baal teshuva movement; however, this has been somewhat offset by those leaving.

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The Haredim can work in those 2–3 years of their lives in which they do not serve in the IDF, while most soldiers at the IDF are usually paid anywhere between $80–250 a month, in addition to clothing and lodging. All the while, Haredi yeshiva students receive significant monthly funds and payments for their religious studies.^[160]

[159]

The Haredim, if they so choose, can study at that time.^[162]

[161]

In 1988, it was estimated that there were between 40,000 and 57,000 Haredim in the neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, Hasidim most belonging to Satmar.^[223]

Williamsburg

The Jewish population in the neighborhood of Brooklyn, estimated at 70,000 in 1983, is also mostly Haredi, and also mostly Hasidic.^[201] The Bobov Hasidim are the largest single bloc that mainly live in Borough Park.^[224]

Borough Park

is the home base of the worldwide Chabad-Lubavitch movement, with its network of shluchim ("emissaries") heading Chabad houses throughout the Jewish world.^[225]^[226]

Crown Heights

The -Midwood,^[227] Kensington,^[228] Marine Park^[229] neighborhoods have tens of thousands of Haredi Jews. They are also the centers for the major non-Hasidic Haredi yeshivas such as Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin, Mir Yeshiva, as well as a string of similar smaller yeshivas. The Torah Vodaas and Chaim Berlin yeshivas^[230] allow some students to attend college and university, presently at Touro College, and previously at Brooklyn College.^[230]

Flatbush

(including Agudath Israel of America)

World Agudath Israel

(representing anti-Zionist Haredi groups in and around Jerusalem, including Satmar, Dushinsky, Toldos Aharon, Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok, Mishkenos HoRoim, Spinka, Brisk, and a section of other Litvish Haredim)

Edah HaChareidis

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Relationships between Jewish religious movements

Schisms among the Jews#Hasidim and Mitnagdim

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Hasidic and Haredi Jewish population growth

Map of the main Haredi Communities in Jerusalem

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