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History of the Malay language

Malay was first used in the first millennia known as Old Malay, a part of the Austronesian language family. Over a period of two millennia, Malay has undergone various stages of development that derived from different layers of foreign influences through international trade, religious expansion, colonisation and developments of new socio-political trends. The oldest form of Malay is descended from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the earliest Austronesian settlers in Southeast Asia. This form would later evolve into Old Malay when Indian cultures and religions began penetrating the region, most probably using the Kawi and Rencong scripts, some linguistic researchers say. Old Malay contained some terms that exist today, but are unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Classical Malay of 1303 CE.[2]

Malay evolved extensively into Classical Malay through the gradual influx of numerous elements of Arabic and Persian vocabulary when Islam made its way to the region. Initially, Classical Malay was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Malay kingdoms of Southeast Asia. One of these dialects that was developed in the literary tradition of Malacca in the 15th century, eventually became predominant. The strong influence of Malacca in international trade in the region resulted in Malay as a lingua franca in commerce and diplomacy, a status that it maintained throughout the age of the succeeding Malay sultanates, the European colonial era and the modern times. From the 19th to 20th century, Malay evolved progressively through significant grammatical improvements and lexical enrichment into a modern language with more than 800,000 phrases in various disciplines.

Proto-Malayic[edit]

Proto-Malayic is the language believed to have existed in prehistoric times, spoken by the early Austronesian settlers in the region. Its ancestor, the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language that derived from Proto-Austronesian, began to break up by at least 2000 BCE as a result possibly by the southward expansion of Austronesian peoples into the Philippines, Borneo, Maluku and Sulawesi from the island of Taiwan. The Proto-Malayic language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent Malay dialects. Linguists generally agree that the homeland of the Malayic languages is in Borneo, based on its geographic spread in the interior, its variations that are not due to contact-induced change, and its sometimes conservative character.[3] Around the beginning of the first millennium, Malayic speakers had established settlements in the coastal regions of modern-day Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Luzon, Sulawesi, Maluku Islands, Riau Islands, Bangka-Belitung Islands and Java-Bali Islands.[4]

Old Malay (7th to 14th century)[edit]

The beginning of the common era saw the growing influence of Indian civilisation in the archipelago. With the penetration and proliferation of Old Tamil vocabulary and the influence of major Indian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, Ancient Malay evolved into the Old Malay. The Dong Yen Chau inscription, believed to be from the 4th century CE, was discovered in the northwest of Tra Kieu, near the old Champa capital of Indrapura, modern day Vietnam;[5][6][7] however, it is considered to be written in Old Cham rather than Old Malay by experts such as Graham Thurgood. The oldest uncontroversial specimens of Old Malay are the 7th century CE Sojomerto inscription from Central Java, Kedukan Bukit Inscription from South Sumatra, Indonesia and several other inscriptions dating from the 7th to 10th centuries discovered in Sumatra, Java, Indonesia other islands of the Sunda archipelago, as well as Luzon, Philippines. All these Old Malay inscriptions used either scripts of Indian origin such as Pallava, Nagari or the Indian-influenced old Sumatran characters.[8]


The Old Malay system is greatly influenced by Sanskrit scriptures in terms of phonemes, morphemes, vocabulary and the characteristics of scholarship, particularly when the words are closely related to Indian culture such as puja, bakti, kesatria, maharaja and raja, as well as on the Hindu-Buddhist religion such as dosa, pahala, neraka, syurga or surga (used in Indonesia-which was based on Malay), puasa, sami and biara, which lasts until today. In fact, some Malays regardless of personal religion have names derived from Sanskrit such as the names of Indian Hindu gods or heroes include Puteri/Putri, Putera/Putra, Wira and Wati.


It is popularly claimed that the Old Malay of the Srivijayan inscriptions from South Sumatra, Indonesia, is the ancestor of the Classical Malay. However, as noted by some linguists, the precise relationship between these two, whether ancestral or not, is problematic and remains uncertain.[9] This is due to the existence of a number of morphological and syntactic peculiarities, and affixes that are familiar from the related Batak language but are not found even in the oldest manuscripts of Classical Malay. It may be the case that the language of the Srivijayan inscriptions is a close cousin rather than an ancestor of Classical Malay.[10] Moreover, although the earliest evidence of Classical Malay had been found in the Malay Peninsula from 1303, Old Malay remained in use as a written language in Sumatra right up to the end of the 14th century, evidenced from Bukit Gombak inscription dated 1357[11] and Tanjung Tanah manuscript of Adityavarman era (1347–1375).

Malaysian literature

Malay folklore

Ethnic Malays

Malayisation

List of Hikayat

Abdul Rashid, Melebek; Amat Juhari, Moain (2006), Sejarah Bahasa Melayu, Utusan Publications & Distributors,  967-61-1809-5

ISBN

Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001), (PDF), Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 32 (3): 315–330, doi:10.1017/s0022463401000169, S2CID 62886471

"The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu"

(2012), Persada Kegemilangan Bahasa Melayu, archived from the original on 29 August 2012, retrieved 27 September 2012

Arkib Negara Malaysia

Asmah, Haji Omar (2004), The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages & Literature, Editions Didlers Millet,  981-3018-52-6

ISBN

Collins, James T (1998), Malay, World Language: A Short History, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,  978-979-461-537-9

ISBN

Kementerian Sosial RI (2008), , retrieved 19 October 2012

Sumpah itu, 80 tahun kemudian

Mohamed Pitchay Gani, Mohamed Abdul Aziz (2004), E-Kultur dan evolusi bahasa Melayu di Singapura (Master Thesis), National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University

(1975), "The Early Cham Language and Its Relation to Malay", Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 48

Morrison, George Ernest

Noriah, Mohamed (1999), Sejarah Sosiolinguistik Bahasa Melayu Lama, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia,  983-861-184-0

ISBN

Ooi, Keat Gin (2008), Historical Dictionary of Malaysia, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,  978-0-8108-5955-5

ISBN

(2012), Sejarah Perkembangan Bahasa Melayu, retrieved 27 September 2012

Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu

Sneddon, James N. (2003), The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society, University of New South Wales Press,  0-86840-598-1

ISBN

(1959), The History of the Malay Language: A Preliminary Survey, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies, retrieved 17 October 2012

Teeuw, Andries

Thurgood, Graham (1999), From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change, University of Hawaii Press,  978-0-8248-2131-9

ISBN

Old Malay inscriptions

- compiled by the Indonesian etymological project (Russell Jones, general editor)

Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay