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Islamic views on Jesus's death

The biblical account of the crucifixion, death, and resurrection of Jesus (ʿĪsā) recorded in the Christian New Testament is traditionally rejected by the major branches of Islam,[1][2][3][4][5] but like Christians they believe that Jesus ascended to heaven and he will, according to Islamic literary sources,[6][7][8]: 9–25  return before the end of time.[1][3][4][5][6][8]: 14–15, 25  The various sects of Islam have different views regarding this topic;[3][4][9]: 430–431  traditionally, mainstream Muslims believe that Jesus was not crucified but was bodily raised up to heaven by God,[2][3][4][5][8]: 14–15 [10]: 41  while Ahmadi Muslims reject this belief[3][6][7][9]: 430–431  and instead contend that Jesus survived the crucifixion,[6][7][9]: 430–431 [11]: 129–132  was taken off the cross alive and continued to preach in India until his natural death.[6][7][9]: 431–436 

Literal interpretation[edit]

Earliest reports[edit]

Professor and Muslim scholar Mahmoud M. Ayoub sums up what the Quran states despite interpretative Islamic arguments:

Historical Jesus

Historicity of Jesus

Crucifixion of Jesus

Resurrection of Jesus

Swoon hypothesis

Simon of Cyrene

Unknown years of Jesus

Basilideans

(2015). "Islamo-Christian Civilization". In Blidstein, Moshe; Silverstein, Adam J.; Stroumsa, Guy G. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 109–120. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697762.013.6. ISBN 978-0-19-969776-2. LCCN 2014960132. S2CID 170430270. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

Bulliet, Richard W.

(1974). Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 93. ISBN 0340158689.

Bruce, F. F.

(March 2021). Stausberg, Michael; Engler, Steven (eds.). "'It was made to appear to them so': the Crucifixion, Jews, and Sasanian war propaganda in the Qur'ān". Religion. 51 (3). Taylor & Francis: 404–422. doi:10.1080/0048721X.2021.1909170. ISSN 1096-1151. LCCN 76615899. OCLC 186359943. S2CID 233646869.

Cole, Juan

(2003). Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–86. ISBN 0-19-514182-2. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

Ehrman, Bart D.

(1992). "The Creed of Abū 'Āmir". In Kraemer, Joel L. (ed.). Israel Oriental Studies. Vol. 12. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 9–58. ISBN 978-90-04-09584-7. ISSN 0334-4401. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

Gil, Moshe

(2013). "The Quran: The Base Narrative". Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-231-53192-4. JSTOR 10.7312/hugh16146.8. S2CID 169663918. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

Hughes, Aaron W.

Kelhoffer, James A. (2014). . Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 324. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 80. doi:10.1628/978-3-16-152993-1. ISBN 978-3-16-152636-7. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

Conceptions of "Gospel" and Legitimacy in Early Christianity

(2001). The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 9–32. ISBN 9780674011151. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

Khalidi, Tarif

Korbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). . In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmuth, Stefan (eds.). Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 426–442. doi:10.1163/9789004329003_034. ISBN 978-90-04-32511-1. Retrieved 25 October 2020.

"Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)"

Lanier, Gregory R. (May 2016). . Reformed Faith & Practice: The Journal of Reformed Theological Seminary. 1 (1). Orlando, Florida: Reformed Theological Seminary: 39-55. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

""It Was Made to Appear Like that to Them:" Islam's Denial of Jesus' Crucifixion"

Leirvik, Oddbjørn (2010). . Images of Jesus Christ in Islam (2nd ed.). London: Continuum International. pp. 34–36, 129–132. doi:10.5040/9781472548528.ch-002. ISBN 978-1-4411-7739-1. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

"Christ in the Qurʾān and in Ḥadīth"

(2003). "The Suffering Jesus and The Invulnerable Christ in the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter". In Bremmer, Jan N.; Czachesz, István (eds.). The Apocalypse of Peter (PDF). Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 187–200. ISBN 90-429-1375-4.

Luttikhuizen, Gerard P.

Neely, Brent (July 2017). "At Cross Purposes: Islam and the Crucifixion of Christ, a theological response". . 34 (3). Newbury Park, California: SAGE Publications: 176–213. doi:10.1177/0265378816631552. JSTOR 90010414. S2CID 171352591.

Transformation

(May 2009). "The Muslim Jesus: Dead or Alive?" (PDF). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London). 72 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 237–258. doi:10.1017/S0041977X09000500. JSTOR 40379003. S2CID 27268737. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

Reynolds, Gabriel S.

Robinson, Neal (1991). . Christ in Islam and Christianity: The Representation of Jesus in the Qur'an and the Classical Muslim Commentaries. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 106–140. ISBN 978-0-7914-0558-1. S2CID 169122179. Retrieved 5 January 2021.

"The Crucifixion – Non-Muslim Approaches"

Waardenburg, Jean Jacques (2003). . Muslims and Others: Relations in Context. Religion and Reason. Vol. 41. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 94–109. doi:10.1515/9783110200959. ISBN 978-3-11-017627-8. Retrieved 8 December 2020.

"The Earliest Relations of Islam with Other Religions: The Christians in Northern Arabia"

Ahmad, Khwaja Nazir (2012). . www.aaiil.org. London: Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2021.

"Jesus in Heaven on Earth: Journey of Jesus to Kashmir, his preaching to the Lost Tribes of Israel, and death and burial in Srinagar"

Goraya, Azhar Ahmad (2020). . www.alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2021.

"Jesus Christ died a Natural Death"

Lanier, Gregory R. (May 2016). . Reformed Faith & Practice: The Journal of Reformed Theological Seminary. 1 (1). Orlando, Florida: Reformed Theological Seminary: 39-55. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2021.

""It Was Made to Appear Like that to Them:" Islam's Denial of Jesus' Crucifixion"

Mordillat, Gérard; Prieur, Jérôme (2015). . www.arte.tv. Strasbourg: Arte. Retrieved 4 November 2021.

"Jesus and Islam: The Crucifixion According to the Qur'an"