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Mendelian inheritance

Mendelian inheritance (also known as Mendelism) is a type of biological inheritance following the principles originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866, re-discovered in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns, and later popularized by William Bateson.[1] These principles were initially controversial. When Mendel's theories were integrated with the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory of inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1915, they became the core of classical genetics. Ronald Fisher combined these ideas with the theory of natural selection in his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, putting evolution onto a mathematical footing and forming the basis for population genetics within the modern evolutionary synthesis.[2]

For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to genetics.

Inheritance tools[edit]

Punnett Squares[edit]

Punnett Squares are a well known genetics tool that was created by an English geneticist, Reginald Punnett, which can visually demonstrate all the possible genotypes that an offspring can receive, given the genotypes of their parents.[16][17][18] Each parent carries two alleles, which can be shown on the top and the side of the chart, and each contribute one of them towards reproduction at a time. Each of the squares in the middle demonstrates the number of times each pairing of parental alleles could combine to make potential offspring. Using probabilities, one can then determine which genotypes the parents can create, and at what frequencies they can be created.[16][18]


For example, if two parents both have a heterozygous genotype, then there would be a 50% chance for their offspring to have the same genotype, and a 50% chance they would have a homozygous genotype. Since they could possible contribute two identical alleles, the 50% would be chopped in half at 25% to account for each type of homozygote, whether this was a homozygous dominant genotype, or a homozygous recessive genotype.[16][17][18]

Pedigrees[edit]

Pedigrees are visual tree like representations that demonstrate exactly how alleles are being passed from past generations to future ones.[19] They also provide a diagram displaying each individual that carries a desired allele, and exactly which side of inheritance it was received from, whether it was from their mother's side or their father's side.[19] Pedigrees can also be used to aid researchers in determining the inheritance pattern for the desired allele, because they share information such as the gender of all individuals, the phenotype, a predicted genotype, the potential sources for the alleles, and also based its history, how it could continue to spread in the future generations to come. By using pedigrees, scientists have been able to find ways to control the flow of alleles over time, so that alleles that act problematic can be resolved upon discovery.[20]

Form of the ripe seeds (round or roundish, surface shallow or wrinkled)

Colour of the (white, gray, or brown, with or without violet spotting)

seed–coat

Colour of the and cotyledons (yellow or green)

seeds

Flower colour (white or violet-red)

Form of the ripe pods (simply inflated, not contracted, or constricted between the seeds and wrinkled)

Colour of the unripe pods (yellow or green)

Position of the flowers (axial or terminal)

Length of the stem

[26]

Mendelian trait[edit]

A Mendelian trait is one whose inheritance follows Mendel's principles—namely, the trait depends only on a single locus, whose alleles are either dominant or recessive.


Many traits are inherited in a non-Mendelian fashion.[43]

List of Mendelian traits in humans

Simple Mendelian genetics in humans

(monogenic disease)

Mendelian diseases

Mendelian error

Particulate inheritance

Punnett square

(1989). The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Bowler, Peter J.

Atics, Jean. Genetics: The life of DNA. ANDRNA press.

Reece, Jane B.; Campbell, Neil A. (2011). Mendel and the Gene Idea (9th ed.). Benjamin Cummings / Pearson Education. p. 265. {{}}: |work= ignored (help)

cite book

Khan Academy, video lecture

Probability of Inheritance

Mendel's principles of Inheritance

Mendelian genetics