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Oppenheimer (film)

Oppenheimer is a 2023 epic biographical thriller film[a] written, directed, and produced by Christopher Nolan.[8] It follows the life of J. Robert Oppenheimer, the American theoretical physicist who helped develop the first nuclear weapons during World War II. Based on the 2005 biography American Prometheus by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, the film chronicles Oppenheimer's studies, his direction of the Los Alamos Laboratory, and his fall from grace after his 1954 security hearing. Cillian Murphy stars as Oppenheimer, alongside Robert Downey Jr. as the United States Atomic Energy Commission member Lewis Strauss. The ensemble supporting cast includes Emily Blunt, Matt Damon, Florence Pugh, Josh Hartnett, Casey Affleck, Rami Malek and Kenneth Branagh.

Oppenheimer

Christopher Nolan

  • July 11, 2023 (2023-07-11) (Le Grand Rex)
  • July 21, 2023 (2023-07-21) (United States and United Kingdom)

180 minutes[1]

  • United States
  • United Kingdom

English

$100 million[2]

$970.5 million[3][4]

Oppenheimer was announced in September 2021. It is Nolan's first film not distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures since Memento (2000), due to his conflicts regarding the studio's simultaneous theatrical and HBO Max release schedule.[9] Murphy was the first cast member to sign on the following month, with the rest joining between November 2021 and April 2022. Pre-production began by January 2022, and filming took place from February to May. The cinematographer, Hoyte van Hoytema, used a combination of IMAX 65 mm and 65 mm large-format film, including, for the first time, scenes in IMAX black-and-white film photography. As with many of his previous films, Nolan used extensive practical effects, with minimal compositing.


Oppenheimer premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on July 11, 2023, and was theatrically released in the US and the UK ten days later by Universal. Its concurrent release with Warner Bros.'s Barbie was the catalyst of the "Barbenheimer" phenomenon, encouraging audiences to see both films as a double feature. Oppenheimer grossed $970 million worldwide, becoming the third-highest-grossing film of 2023, the highest-grossing World War II-related film, the highest-grossing biographical film and the second-highest-grossing R-rated film.


Among its many accolades, Oppenheimer won seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor for Murphy and Best Supporting Actor for Downey. It also won five Golden Globe Awards (including Best Motion Picture – Drama) and seven British Academy Film Awards (including Best Film), and was named one of the top ten films of 2023 by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute.

Plot

In 1926, the 22-year-old doctoral student J. Robert Oppenheimer grapples with anxiety and homesickness while studying experimental quantum physics under Patrick Blackett at the University of Cambridge. Oppenheimer clashes with Blackett and leaves him a poisoned apple but later retrieves it. Visiting scientist Niels Bohr advises Oppenheimer to study theoretical physics at the University of Göttingen.


Oppenheimer completes his PhD and meets scientist Isidor Isaac Rabi. They later meet theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg in Switzerland. Wanting to expand quantum physics research in the US, Oppenheimer teaches at the University of California, Berkeley and the California Institute of Technology. He marries Katherine "Kitty" Puening, a biologist and ex-communist, and has an intermittent affair with Jean Tatlock, a troubled communist psychiatrist who later dies by suicide.


When nuclear fission is discovered in 1938 after the Germans succeed in splitting the atom, Oppenheimer realizes it could be weaponized. In 1942, during World War II, US Army Colonel Leslie Groves, the director of the Manhattan Project, recruits Oppenheimer as the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory to develop an atomic bomb. Oppenheimer fears the German nuclear research program, led by Heisenberg, might yield a fission bomb for the Nazis.


Oppenheimer assembles a team consisting of Rabi, Hans Bethe, and Edward Teller, and collaborates with the scientists Enrico Fermi, Leo Szilard, and David L. Hill at the University of Chicago. Teller's calculations reveal an atomic detonation could destroy the world. After consulting with Albert Einstein, Oppenheimer concludes the chances are acceptably low. Teller attempts to leave the project after his proposal to construct a hydrogen bomb is rejected, but Oppenheimer convinces him to stay.


After Germany's surrender in 1945, some scientists question the bomb's relevance. Oppenheimer believes it would end the ongoing Pacific War and save Allied lives. The Trinity test is successful, and President Harry S. Truman orders the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, resulting in Japan's surrender. Though publicly praised, Oppenheimer is guilt-ridden and haunted by the destruction and mass fatalities. After Oppenheimer expresses his guilt to Truman, the president berates him and dismisses his plea to cease further atomic development.


As an advisor to the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), Oppenheimer's stance generates controversy, while Teller's hydrogen bomb receives renewed interest amidst the burgeoning Cold War. AEC Chairman Lewis Strauss resents Oppenheimer for publicly dismissing Strauss's concerns about exporting radioisotopes and for recommending negotiations with the Soviet Union after the Soviets successfully detonated their own bomb. Strauss also believes that Oppenheimer denigrated him during a conversation Oppenheimer had with Einstein in 1947.


In 1954, wanting to eliminate Oppenheimer's political influence, Strauss secretly orchestrates a private security hearing before a Personnel Security Board concerning Oppenheimer's Q clearance during which his loyalty to the United States is questioned. However, the hearing is a show trial. Oppenheimer's past communist ties are exploited, and his associates' testimony is twisted against him, with Teller's being the most damaging. After Kitty delivers impassioned testimony in defense of herself and her husband, the board no longer suspects Oppenheimer of disloyalty but revokes his clearance, thereby damaging his public image and limiting his influence on American nuclear policy.


In 1959, during Strauss's Senate confirmation hearing for Secretary of Commerce, Hill testifies about Strauss's personal motives for engineering Oppenheimer's downfall. Strauss's nomination is voted down. In 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson presents Oppenheimer with the Enrico Fermi Award as a gesture of political rehabilitation.


A flashback reveals that Oppenheimer and Einstein's 1947 conversation never mentioned Strauss. Instead, the two discussed Oppenheimer’s legacy, and Oppenheimer expressed his fear that they had indeed started a chain reaction that will destroy the world.

as J. Robert Oppenheimer, a theoretical physicist and director of the Los Alamos Laboratory.[10]

Cillian Murphy

as Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer, Robert Oppenheimer's wife and a former Communist Party USA member.[11]

Emily Blunt

as Gen. Leslie Groves, a United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) officer and director of the Manhattan Project.[12]

Matt Damon

as Rear Admiral Lewis Strauss, a retired Naval Reserve officer and high-ranking member of the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).[12]

Robert Downey Jr.

as Jean Tatlock, a psychiatrist, Communist Party USA member, and Robert Oppenheimer's romantic interest.[13]

Florence Pugh

as Ernest Lawrence, a Nobel-winning nuclear physicist who worked with Oppenheimer at the University of California, Berkeley.[14][15]

Josh Hartnett

as Boris Pash, a US Army military intelligence officer and commander of the Alsos Mission.[16]

Casey Affleck

as David L. Hill, a nuclear physicist at the Metallurgical Laboratory, who helped to create the Chicago Pile.[13]

Rami Malek

as Niels Bohr, a Nobel-winning Danish physicist, philosopher and Oppenheimer's personal idol.[17]

Kenneth Branagh

as Edward Teller, a Hungarian theoretical physicist known for being the "father of the hydrogen bomb".[13]

Benny Safdie

as Roger Robb, an attorney and future US circuit judge who served as special counsel to the AEC at Oppenheimer's security hearing.[18]

Jason Clarke

as Frank Oppenheimer, Robert's younger brother and a particle physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project.[19]

Dylan Arnold

as Albert Einstein, Nobel-winning German theoretical physicist known for developing the theory of relativity.[20]

Tom Conti

as Patrick Blackett, Oppenheimer's doctoral supervisor and Nobel-winning physicist at Cambridge University.[21]

James D'Arcy

as William L. Borden, a lawyer and executive director of the United States Congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE).[22]

David Dastmalchian

as Maj Gen. Kenneth Nichols, a US Army officer and the deputy district engineer of the Manhattan Project.[23]

Dane DeHaan

as a Senate aide to Lewis Strauss during Strauss's nomination for United States Secretary of Commerce.[24][25]

Alden Ehrenreich

as Gordon Gray, a government official and chairman of the committee deciding the revoking of Oppenheimer security clearance.[26]

Tony Goldwyn

as Haakon Chevalier ("Hoke"), a Berkeley professor who became friends with Oppenheimer at university.[27][28]

Jefferson Hall

as Isidor Isaac Rabi, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist who worked as a consultant on the Manhattan Project.[24]

David Krumholtz

as Counsel to Lewis Strauss[30]

Scott Grimes

Kurt Koehler as Thomas A. Morgan, an industrialist and former chairman of the board of the who was one of the panel members at Oppenheimer's security clearance hearing.[31][32]

Sperry Corporation

John Gowans as , a chemist and academic who served as one of the panel members at Oppenheimer's security clearance hearing.[33]

Ward V. Evans

as Lloyd K. Garrison, a lawyer who helped to represent Oppenheimer at his security clearance hearing.[34]

Macon Blair

as Sen. Warren Magnuson, Chairman of Senate Commerce Committee.[34]

Gregory Jbara

as Sen. Gale W. McGee[34]

Harry Groener

as Sen. John Pastore[34]

Tim DeKay

as Werner Heisenberg, a German Nobel Prize-winning physicist who worked in Germany's nuclear weapons program during World War II.[35][36]

Matthias Schweighöfer

as Luis Walter Alvarez, a Nobel-winning physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project.[37]

Alex Wolff

as Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz, a physicist who became Oppenheimer's protégé at Berkeley.[38]

Josh Zuckerman

Rory Keane as , a physicist, who collaborated with Oppenheimer to calculate the gravitational collapse of a dust particle sphere.[33]

Hartland Snyder

as Robert Serber, a physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project.[14]

Michael Angarano

as Jackie Oppenheimer, Frank's wife and Robert's sister-in-law.[39]

Emma Dumont

as George C. Eltenton, a chemical engineer in the US with ties to the Soviet Union.[40]

Guy Burnet

as Ruth Tolman, a psychologist close to Oppenheimer during the development of the atomic bomb.[41]

Louise Lombard

Tom Jenkins as , Ruth's husband and General Groves' chief scientific adviser on the Manhattan Project.[42]

Richard C. Tolman

as Edward Condon, a nuclear physicist who helped with the development of radar and briefly took part in the Manhattan Project.[19]

Olli Haaskivi

as Donald Hornig, a chemist who worked on the firing unit at Los Alamos.[43]

David Rysdahl

as Kenneth Bainbridge, a physicist who was the director of the Manhattan Project's Trinity nuclear test.[44]

Josh Peck

as Richard Feynman, an American Nobel-winning theoretical physicist who worked in the Theoretical Division at Los Alamos.[45]

Jack Quaid

as Hans Bethe, a German-American Nobel-winning theoretical physicist and the head of the Theoretical Division at Los Alamos.[46]

Gustaf Skarsgård

as Kurt Gödel, an Austrian logician and mathematician known for his theorems that revolutionized mathematics and had far-reaching implications for philosophy and computer science.[34]

James Urbaniak

as George Kistiakowsky, a Harvard professor who took part in the Manhattan Project.[47]

Trond Fausa

as Seth Neddermeyer, a physicist who discovered the muon and advocated for the implosion-type nuclear weapon used in the Trinity Test.[48]

Devon Bostick

Danny Deferrari as , an Italian Nobel-winning physicist and creator of the Chicago Pile.[40]

Enrico Fermi

as Klaus Fuchs, a German-born physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and spied for the Soviet Union.[30]

Christopher Denham

Jessica Erin Martin as , head technical librarian at Los Alamos.[49]

Charlotte Serber

Ronald Auguste as , an African American nuclear scientist, mechanical engineer and mathematician who worked with Oppenheimer on the Manhattan Project.[49]

J. Ernest Wilkins Jr.

as Leo Szilard, a Hungarian physicist who conceived the idea of nuclear chain reaction in 1933, and later in July 1945 at the Chicago branch of the Manhattan Project circulated the petition to President Truman against unannounced use of atomic weapons on Japan.[50]

Máté Haumann

as Lilli Hornig, a Czech-American scientist who worked on the Manhattan Project.[51]

Olivia Thirlby

as Lyall Johnson, a security officer at Berkeley who worked at the Manhattan Project.[34]

Jack Cutmore-Scott

as Philip Morrison, a physics professor who worked on the Manhattan Project.[39]

Harrison Gilbertson

as Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of War under President Truman.[34]

James Remar

Will Roberts as , the United States Army Chief of Staff from 1939 to 1945.

George C. Marshall

as Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States who made the decision to drop the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.[52]

Gary Oldman

Hap Lawrence as , the 36th President of the United States.[34]

Lyndon B. Johnson

Troy Bronson as , a chemist instrumental on the discovery of plutonium, and head of the Chemistry Department at Los Alamos.[53]

Joseph W. Kennedy

Release

Marketing

Oppenheimer's teaser trailer was released on July 28, 2022, featuring a live countdown to 5:29 a.m. (MDT) on July 16, 2023, the 78th anniversary of the first detonation of an atomic weapon; it premiered in screenings of Nope before being posted online on Universal's social media profiles.[118] Empire commented that it is exemplary of Nolan's style: "heady, brooding stuff with a real sense of weight".[119] In December 2022, two trailers premiered in front of Avatar: The Way of Water, with one being exclusive to IMAX theaters and the other being shown in all other formats. The latter was eventually released online.[120][121] In May 2023, an official main trailer debuted during preview screenings of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. It was subsequently released to the public on May 8, 2023, alongside a theatrical release poster.[122]

Reception

Box office

As of April 9, 2024, Oppenheimer has grossed $329.9 million in the United States and Canada and $640.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $970.3 million.[3][4] It is the second-highest-grossing R-rated film of all-time behind Joker (2019).[160][161] In September 2023, Oppenheimer became the highest-grossing biographical film of all time, surpassing Bohemian Rhapsody (2018).[162][163]


By August 2023, Oppenheimer had become the highest-grossing film ever to not reach the top spot at the domestic box office, although in its sixth weekend it topped the worldwide box office with a total of $38.12 million, surpassing Barbie for the first time.[164] It is also the highest grossing World War II-related film, surpassing Dunkirk (2017), also a Nolan film.[165][166] Additionally, Oppenheimer became one of the top five highest-grossing IMAX releases, earning $183 million[167] (approximately 20% of its total gross), over $17 million of which was earned from the 30 screens showing IMAX 70 mm prints.[168] The film was booked to be rereleased in IMAX theaters on November 3, including six IMAX 70 mm prints, as these theaters reported selling out during the initial release.[167]

List of films about nuclear issues

List of World War II films since 1990

, a 1980 TV series about Oppenheimer, portrayed by Sam Waterston

Oppenheimer

, also known as Shadow Makers, 1989 film about the Manhattan Project

Fat Man and Little Boy

, a 2005 opera about Oppenheimer, composed by John Adams

Doctor Atomic

Johnson-Roehr, S. N. (March 7, 2024). . JSTOR Daily. Retrieved March 8, 2024.

"The Annotated Oppenheimer"

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