Katana VentraIP

Suharto

Suharto[b] (/sˈhɑːrt/ soo-HAR-toh, Indonesian: [suˈharto] ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian military officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto led Indonesia as an authoritarian regime from the fall of his predecessor Sukarno in 1967 until his resignation in 1998 following nationwide unrest.[3][4][5] His 31-year dictatorship is considered one of the most brutal and corrupt of the 20th century, as he was central to the perpetration of mass killings against alleged communists, ethnic Chinese, irreligious people and trade unionists.[6][7][8]

In this Indonesian name, there is no family name nor a patronymic.

Suharto

See list
  • Sukarno
  • Himself

Sukarno (as Prime Minister)

Office abolished

  • Sukarno
  • Himself

  • Sukarno
  • Himself

Mas Sarbini

Himself

General Sumitro

Admiral Sudomo

  • Sukarno
  • Himself

Office established

General Maraden Panggabean

Himself

General Abdul Haris Nasution (1966)

General Maraden Panggabean

  • Sukarno
  • Himself

General Maraden Panggabean

Sukarno

Office established

Major General Umar Wirahadikusumah

27 January 2008(2008-01-27) (aged 86)
Jakarta, Indonesia

168 cm (5 ft 6 in)[1]

(m. 1947; died 1996)

6, including Tutut Suharto, Titiek, and Tommy Suharto

  • Kertosudiro (father)
  • Sukirah (mother)

Schakel Muhammadiyah

KNIL Kadetschool

  • Smiling General
  • Pak Harto

1940–1974

Suharto was born in the small village of Kemusuk, in the Godean area near the city of Yogyakarta, during the Dutch colonial era.[9] He grew up in humble circumstances.[10] His Javanese Muslim parents divorced not long after his birth, and he lived with foster parents for much of his childhood. During the Japanese occupation era, Suharto served in the Japanese-organized Indonesian security forces. During Indonesia's independence struggle, he joined the newly formed Indonesian Army. There, Suharto rose to the rank of major general some time after full Indonesian independence was achieved.


An attempted coup on 30 September and 1 October 1965 was countered by Suharto-led troops. According to official reports, this attempt was backed by the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI).[11] The army subsequently led a nationwide violent anti-communist purge and Suharto wrested power from Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno. He was appointed acting president in 1967 and elected president the following year. He then mounted a social campaign known as "de-Sukarnoization" to reduce the former president's influence. Suharto ordered an invasion of East Timor in 1975, followed by a deadly 23-year occupation of the country. Support for Suharto's presidency was active throughout the 1970s and 1980s. By the 1990s, the New Order's increasing authoritarianism and widespread corruption[12][13] were a source of discontent and, following the 1997 Asian financial crisis which led to widespread unrest, he resigned in May 1998. Suharto died in January 2008 and was given a state funeral.


Under his "New Order" administration, Suharto constructed a strong, centralised and military-dominated government. What started as an oligarchic military dictatorship evolved into a personalistic authoritarian regime centered around Suharto.[14] An ability to maintain stability over a sprawling and diverse Indonesia and an avowedly anti-communist stance won him the economic and diplomatic support of the West during the Cold War. For most of his presidency, Indonesia experienced significant industrialisation, economic growth, and improved levels of educational attainment.[15][16] As a result, he was given the title "Father of Development".[17] According to Transparency International, Suharto was one of the most corrupt leaders in modern history, having embezzled an alleged US$15–35 billion during his rule.[18][19]


Suharto remains a controversial and divisive figure within the Indonesian general public. Many Indonesians have praised his New Order leadership for its economic development, rapid industrialization, and perceived political stability, while others have denounced his authoritarian rule and rampant corruption.[20][21] Plans to award the status of National Hero to Suharto are being considered by the Indonesian government and have been debated vigorously in Indonesia.[22]

Name[edit]

Like many Javanese, Suharto had only one name.[13] Religious contexts in recent years had sometimes referred to him as Haji/Al-Haj Mohammed Suharto, but these names were neither part of his formal name nor generally used. The spelling "Suharto" reflects modern Indonesian orthography, although the general approach in Indonesia is to rely on the spelling preferred by the person concerned. At the time of his birth, the standard transcription was Soeharto, and he used the original spelling throughout his life. The international English-language press generally uses the spelling "Suharto" while the Indonesian government and media use "Soeharto".[23]

Star of Mahaputera, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna)[145]

Star of Merit, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jasa Utama)[145]

The Sacred Star (Indonesian: Bintang Sakti)

Star of Meritorious Service (Indonesian: Bintang Dharma)

Guerrilla Star (Indonesian: Bintang Gerilya)

Star of Culture Parama Dharma (Indonesian: Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma)[145]

Star of Yudha Dharma, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama)

Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama)

Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 2st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Pratama)

Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 3st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Nararya)

Star of Jalasena, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jalasena Utama)

Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama)

Star of Bhayangkara, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Bhayangkara Utama)

Garuda Star (Indonesian: Bintang Garuda)

Indonesian Armed Forces 8 Years of Service Star (Indonesian: Bintang Sewindu Angkatan Perang)

Military Long Service Medal, 16 Years Service (Indonesian: Satyalancana Kesetiaan 16 Tahun)

Military Campaign Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Teladan)

Kaharuddin Syah portrayed Suharto in the 1980 movie directed by Alam Surawidjaja.

Janur Kuning

Antonius Yacobus portrayed Suharto in the 1982 movie directed by Arifin C. Noer.

Serangan Fajar

portrayed Suharto in the 1984 movie Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI and the 1988 movie Djakarta 66 directed by Arifin C. Noer. Amoroso Katamsi also portrayed Suharto in the 2015 drama movie Di Balik 98 directed by Lukman Sardi.

Amoroso Katamsi

Marcell Siahaan portrayed Suharto in the 2010 comedic movie Laskar Pemimpi directed by .

Monty Tiwa

portrayed Suharto in the 2012 biopic movie Habibie & Ainun directed by Faozan Rizal.

Tio Pakusadewo

Suharto has been portrayed by five Indonesian actors in several movies.[151]

History of Indonesia

High-ranking commanders of the Indonesian National Revolution

Asas tunggal Pancasila

Dwipayana, G.; Ramadhan, K.H. (1989). Soeharto: Pikiran, ucapan dan tindakan saya: otobiografi [Soeharto: My thoughts, words and deeds: an autobiography]. Jakarta: PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada.  979-8085-01-9.

ISBN

Elson, R.E. (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.  0 521 77326 1

ISBN

McGlynn, John H. et al. (2007). Indonesia in the Soeharto years. Issue, incidents and images, Jakarta,

KITLV

Abdulgani-Knapp, Retnowati (2007). . Marshall Cavendish Editions. p. 12. ISBN 978-981-261-340-0.

Soeharto: The Life and Legacy of Indonesia's Second President: An Authorised Biography

(2011). Pak Harto: The Untold Stories, Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana

Website accompanying a 2002 PBS documentary on Indonesia, with emphasis on the Suharto era and early Reformasi

Shadow Play

1999 Time magazine article on Suharto's presidency and family, published on the first anniversary of his resignation

"Suharto, Inc."

BBC News – Photographs about Suharto's life, from his rise to power to his downfall and trial

"Life in pictures: Indonesia's Suharto"