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United States non-interventionism

United States non-interventionism primarily refers to the foreign policy that was eventually applied by the United States between the late 18th century and the first half of the 20th century whereby it sought to avoid alliances with other nations in order to prevent itself from being drawn into wars that were not related to the direct territorial self-defense of the United States. Neutrality and non-interventionism found support among elite and popular opinion in the United States, which varied depending on the international context and the country's interests. At times, the degree and nature of this policy was better known as isolationism, such as the interwar period, while some consider the term isolationism to be a pejorative used to discredit non-interventionist policy.

Due to the start of the Cold War in the aftermath of World War II and the rise of the United States as a global superpower, its traditional foreign policy turned towards American imperialism with diplomatic and military interventionism, engaging or somehow intervening in virtually any overseas armed conflict ever since, and concluding multiple bilateral and regional military alliances, chiefly the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Non-interventionist policies have had continued support from some Americans even after World War II, mostly regarding specific armed conflicts like the Vietnam and Korean wars or the more recent Syrian Civil War and Russo-Ukrainian War.

Conservative policies[edit]

Rathbun (2008) compares three separate themes in conservative policies since the 1980s: conservatism, neoconservatism, and isolationism. These approaches are similar in that they all invoked the mantle of "realism" and pursued foreign policy goals designed to promote national interests. Conservatives were the only group that was "realist" in the academic sense in that they defined the national interest narrowly, strove for balances of power internationally, viewed international relations as amoral, and especially valued sovereignty.[49]


By contrast, neoconservatives based their foreign policy on nationalism, and isolationists sought to minimize any involvement in foreign affairs and raise new barriers to immigration.[49] Former Republican Congressman Ron Paul favored a return to the non-interventionist policies of Thomas Jefferson and frequently opposed military intervention in countries like Iran and Iraq.


After Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the Republican Party has been divided on Ukraine's aid, believing that it is not in the interests of the United States to get involved in a "proxy war" against Russia.[50] Former President Donald Trump has called on the United States to push for peace talks rather than continue to support Ukraine.[51]

former U.S. Representative from Michigan,[52][53][54] 2020 Libertarian presidential candidate

Justin Amash

former U.S. State Senator from Maine, 2018 Republican U.S. Senate candidate[55]

Eric Brakey

U.S. Representative from Nebraska[56][57]

Howard Buffett

30th U.S. President, 29th U.S. Vice President, 48th U.S. Governor of Massachusetts, 46th U.S. Lt. Governor of Massachusetts[58]

Calvin Coolidge

former U.S. Representative from Hawaii (2013–2021)[59][60]

Tulsi Gabbard

former US senator from Alaska (1969–1981), Entered the Pentagon Papers into Public Record in 1971, Democratic Presidential Candidate in 2008 and 2020. Founder of the Gravel Institute think tank[61][62]

Mike Gravel

31st U.S. President, 3rd United States Secretary of Commerce

Herbert Hoover

29th Governor of New Mexico (1995–2003), 2012 and 2016 Libertarian Presidential Nominee[63]

Gary Johnson

U.S. Senator from North Dakota[64]

William Langer

U.S. Representative from Indiana pushed for the Ludlow Amendment[65]

Louis Ludlow

U.S. Representative from Kentucky[66][54]

Thomas Massie

former U.S. Representative from Texas, 1988, 2008, & 2012 Republican presidential candidate;[67] Paul's stance on foreign policy is one of consistent non-intervention,[68][69] opposing wars of aggression and entangling alliances with other nations.[70]

Ron Paul

U.S. Senator from Kentucky, 2016 Republican presidential candidate, the son of Ron Paul[71][54][72][73]

Rand Paul

U.S. Senator from Vermont, 2016 and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate[74]

Bernie Sanders

U.S. Senator from Minnesota, also a member of the America First Committee[75]

Henrik Shipstead

U.S. Senator from Ohio, Senate Majority Leader, 1940, 1948 & 1952 Republican presidential candidate[76]

Robert A. Taft

Empire of Liberty

Interventionism

Isolationism

Ludlow Amendment

Little Englander

Pacifism in the United States

Adler, Selig. The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth Century Reaction. (1957).; says it's based on economic self-sufficiency and the illusion of security, together with Irish and German ethnic factors.

Aregood, Richard, Richard Shafer, and Eric Freedman. "American Isolationism and The Political Evolution of Journalist-Turned-US Senator Gerald P. Nye." Journalism Practice 9.2 (2015): 279–294.

Cole, Wayne S. America First: The Battle Against Intervention, 1940–1941 (1953), the standard history.

Cooper, John Milton Jr. The Vanity of Power: American Isolationism and the First World War, 1914–1917 (1969).

Divine, Robert A. The Illusion Of Neutrality (1962) scholarly history of neutrality legislation in 1930s.

online free to borrow

Doenecke, Justus D. "American Isolationism, 1939-1941" Journal of Libertarian Studies, Summer/Fall 1982, 6(3), pp. 201–216.

Doenecke, Justus D. "Explaining the Antiwar Movement, 1939-1941: The Next Assignment" Journal of Libertarian Studies, Winter 1986, 8(1), pp. 139–162.

Doenecke, Justus D. "Literature of Isolationism, 1972-1983: A Bibliographic Guide" Journal of Libertarian Studies, Spring 1983, 7(1), pp. 157–184.

Doenecke, Justus D. "Anti-Interventionism of Herbert Hoover" Journal of Libertarian Studies, Summer 1987, 8(2), pp. 311–340.

Doenecke, Justus D. "Non-interventionism of the Left: the Keep America Out of the War Congress, 1938-41." Journal of Contemporary History 12.2 (1977): 221–236.

Dunn, David. "Isolationism revisited: seven persistent myths in the contemporary American foreign policy debate." Review of International Studies 31.02 (2005): 237–261.

Fisher, Max. "American isolationism just hit a 50-year high. Why that matters." .

washingtonpost. com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/12/04/american-isolationism-just-hit-a-50-year-high-why-that-matters Washington Post. Dec 12, 2013

Gilbert, Felix. "The English Background of American Isolationism in the Eighteenth Century." William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History (1944): 138–160.

in JSTOR

Guinsburg, Thomas N. The Pursuit of Isolationism in the United States from Versailles to Pearl Harbor (1982).

Johnstone, Andrew. "Isolationism and internationalism in American foreign relations." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 9.1 (2011): 7-20.

Jonas, Manfred. "Isolationism" Encyclopedia of the New American Nation,"

online

Jonas, Manfred. Isolationism in America, 1935-1941 (1966).

Kertzer, Joshua D. "Making sense of isolationism: foreign policy mood as a multilevel phenomenon." Journal of Politics 75.01 (2013): 225-240.

Kupchan, Charles A. Isolationism: A History of America's Efforts to Shield Itself from the World (Oxford University Press, USA, 2020). ; also see online review

online

Nichols, Christopher McKnight. Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age (Harvard University Press, 2011).

Smith, Glenn H. Langer of North Dakota: A Study in Isolationism, 1940–1959 (1979). Senator

William Langer

Weinberg, Albert K. "The Historical Meaning of the American Doctrine of Isolation." American Political Science Review 34#3 (1940): 539–547.

in JSTOR

American isolationism and World War II