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Biblical canon

A biblical canon is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible.

"Books of the Bible" redirects here. For the edition of the Bible without chapters and verses, see The Books of the Bible (book).

The English word canon comes from the Greek κανών kanōn, meaning "rule" or "measuring stick". The use of the word "canon" to refer to a set of religious scriptures was first used by David Ruhnken, in the 18th century.[1]


Various biblical canons have developed through debate and agreement on the part of the religious authorities of their respective faiths and denominations. Some books, such as the Jewish–Christian gospels, have been excluded from various canons altogether, but many disputed books are considered to be biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical by many, while some denominations may consider them fully canonical. Differences exist between the Hebrew Bible and Christian biblical canons, although the majority of manuscripts are shared in common.


Different religious groups include different books in their biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books. The Jewish Tanakh (sometimes called the Hebrew Bible) contains 24 books divided into three parts: the five books of the Torah ("teaching"); the eight books of the Nevi'im ("prophets"); and the eleven books of Ketuvim ("writings"). It is composed mainly in Biblical Hebrew, with portions in Aramaic. The Septuagint (in Koine Greek), which closely resembles the Hebrew Bible but includes additional texts, is used as the Christian Greek Old Testament, at least in some liturgical contexts. The first part of Christian Bibles is the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible divided into 39 (Protestant) or 46 (Catholic [including deuterocanonical works]) books that are ordered differently. The second part is the New Testament, almost always containing 27 books: the four canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation. The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Assyrian churches may have differences in their lists of accepted books.


Some Christian groups have other canonical books (open canon) which are considered holy scripture but not part of the Bible.[2]

Canon (fiction)

List of religious texts

Related to the Bible

Biblical criticism

Canons of other religions

Islamic holy books

Beckwith, R. T. (1986). The Old Testament Canon of the New Testament Church and Its Background in Early Judaism. Eerdmans Publishing Company.  978-0-8028-3617-5.

ISBN

Davis, L. D. (1983). . Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5616-7.

The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787): Their History and Theology

Ferguson, Everett. Encyclopedia of Early Christianity.

Fox, Robin Lane (1992). The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible. Penguin Books.

(2002). The New Testament Canon: Its Making and Meaning. Wipf & Stock Publishers. ISBN 1-57910-909-8.

Gamble, Harry Y.

Jurgens, W. A. (1970). . Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press.

Faith of the Early Fathers

Lightfoot, Joseph; Harmer, John; Holmes, Michael, eds. (1992). The Apostolic Fathers. Barker Book House.  978-0-8010-5676-5.

ISBN

McDonald, L. M.; Sanders, J. A. (2002). "Introduction". The Canon Debate. Hendrickson Publishers.

Metzger, Bruce M. (13 March 1997). The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance. Oxford University Press.  0-19-826954-4.

ISBN

Nersessian, V. (2001). . The Bible in the Armenian Tradition. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN 978-0-89236-640-8.

"The Armenian Canon of the New Testament"

Rüger, Hans Peter (July 1989). "The Extent of the Old Testament Canon1". The Bible Translator. 40 (3): 301–308. :10.1177/026009358904000301. S2CID 164995721.

doi

Sundberg, Albert (1964). The Old Testament of the Early Church. Harvard Press.

Armstrong, Karen (2007) The Bible: A Biography. Books that Changed the World Series. Atlantic Monthly Press.  0-87113-969-3

ISBN

Barnstone, Willis (ed.) (1984). The Other Bible: Ancient Alternative Scriptures. HarperCollins.  978-0-7394-8434-0.

ISBN

(1984). The New Testament as Canon: An Introduction. SCM Press. ISBN 0-334-02212-6.

Childs, Brevard S.

; Meade, John D. (2017). The biblical canon lists from early Christianity: texts and analysis. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-879249-9. OCLC 987346634.

Gallagher, Edmon L.

Schneemelcher Wilhelm (ed). Hennecke Edgard, New Testament Apocrypha, 2 vol. Original title: Neutestamentliche Apokryphen

McDonald, Lee Martin (2009). Forgotten Scriptures. The Selection and Rejection of Early Religious Writings. Westminster John Knox Press.  978-0-664-23357-0.

ISBN

McDonald, Lee Martin (2000). Early Christianity and Its Sacred Literature. Hendrickson Publishers.  1-56563-266-4.

ISBN

McDonald, Lee Martin (2007). The Biblical Canon: Its Origin, Transmission, and Authority. 3rd ed. Hendrickson Publishers.  978-1-56563-925-6.

ISBN

, ed. (2022). The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Orthodox Christianity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-094868-9.

Pentiuc, Eugen J.

(1954). The Text and Canon of the New Testament. 2nd ed. Studies in Theology, No. 25. London: Duckworth.

Souter, Alexander

Stonehouse, Ned Bernhard (1929). The Apocalypse in the Ancient Church: A Study in the History of the New Testament Canon. Oosterbaan & Le Cointre.

Taussig, Hal (2013). A New New Testament: A Bible for the 21st Century Combining Traditional and Newly Discovered Texts. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Wall, Robert W.; Lemcio, Eugene E. (1992). The New Testament as Canon: A Reader in Canonical Criticism. JSOT Press.  1-85075-374-1.

ISBN

Westcott, Brooke Foss. (1875). A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament. 4th ed. London: Macmillan.

Media related to Biblical canon at Wikimedia Commons

– contains multiple links and articles

The Canon of Scripture

Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine

Cross Wire Bible Society

and New Testament Reading Room – Online resources referenced by Tyndale Seminary

Old Testament Reading Room

Catholic Encyclopedia: Canon of the New Testament

Jewish Encyclopedia: Bible Canon

– includes Latin, English, Hebrew and abbreviated names (from Tel Aviv University).

Table of Tanakh Books

(an essay, with full official canon at the end)

The Bible in the Armenian Church

H. Schumacher, (London 1923), pp. 84–94.

The Canon of the New Testament

Dale B. Martin, , Open Yale course, Yale University, archived from the original on 15 August 2010, retrieved 7 January 2016

Introduction to New Testament History and Literature" course materials

by Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (Confessional Lutheran perspective)

WELS Topical Q&A: Canon – 66 Books in the Bible