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Cinema of the United States

The cinema of the United States, consisting mainly of major film studios (also known metonymously as Hollywood) along with some independent films, has had a large effect on the global film industry since the early 20th century. The dominant style of American cinema is classical Hollywood cinema, which developed from 1910 to 1962 and is still typical of most films made there to this day. While Frenchmen Auguste and Louis Lumière are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema,[5] American cinema soon came to be a dominant force in the emerging industry. With more than 600 English-language films released on average every year As of 2017, it produced the fourth-largest number of films of any national cinema, after India, Japan, and China.[6] While the national cinemas of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand also produce films in the same language, they are not part of the Hollywood system. Because of this, Hollywood has also been considered a transnational cinema,[7] and has produced multiple language versions of some titles, often in Spanish or French. Contemporary Hollywood often outsources production to the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The major film studios of Hollywood are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket-selling movies in the world.[8][9]

"American Film" redirects here. For the magazine, see American Film (magazine).

Cinema of the United States
(Hollywood)

40,393 (2017)[1]

14 per 100,000 (2017)[1]

646 (98.5%)

10 (1.5%)

1,239,742,550

3.9 (2010)[3]

$11.1 billion

Hollywood is considered to be the oldest film industry, in the sense of being the place where the earliest film studios and production companies emerged. It is the birthplace of various genres of cinema—among them comedy, drama, action, the musical, romance, horror, science fiction, and the epic—and has set the example for other national film industries.


During 1878, Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion. In 1894, the world's first commercial motion-picture exhibition was given in New York City, using Thomas Edison's kinetoscope.[10] In the following decades, production of silent film greatly expanded, studios formed and migrated to California, and films and the stories they told became much longer. The United States produced the world's first sync-sound musical film, The Jazz Singer, in 1927,[11] and was at the forefront of sound-film development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has primarily been based in and around the thirty-mile zone centered in the Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles County, California. Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of a film grammar. Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941) is frequently cited in critics' polls as the greatest film of all time.[12]


Many of Hollywood's highest-grossing movies have generated more box-office revenue and ticket sales outside the United States than films made elsewhere. The United States is a leading pioneer in motion picture engineering and technology.

The lower budgets were apparent.

Many theater actors had no previous experience in cinema.

The original movies were often second-rate themselves since studios expected that the top productions would sell by themselves.

The mix of foreign accents (Castilian, Mexican, and Chilean for example in the Spanish case) was odd for the audiences.

Some markets lacked sound-equipped theaters.

Criticisms[edit]

Covert advertising[edit]

Native advertising is information designed to persuade in more subtle ways than classic propaganda. A modern example common in the United States is Copa Ganda, in which TV shows display unrealistically flattering portrayals of law enforcement, in part to borrow equipment and get their assistance in blocking off streets to more easily film on location.[108] Other reputation laundering accusations have been leveled in the entertainment industry, including the burnishing the image of the Mafia.[109]


Product placement also has been a point of criticism, with the tobacco industry promoting smoking on screen.[110] The Centers for Disease Control cites that 18% of teen smokers would not start smoking if films with smoking were automatically given an 'R' rating, which would save 1 million lives.[111]

"18% of all directors, executive producers, producers, writers, cinematographers, and editors. This reflected no change from 2011 and only a 1% increase from 1998."

[129]

"9% of all directors."

[129]

"15% of writers."

[129]

"25% of all producers."

[129]

"20% of all editors."

[129]

"2% of all cinematographers."

[129]

"38% of films employed 0 or 1 woman in the roles considered, 23% employed 2 women, 28% employed 3 to 5 women, and 10% employed 6 to 9 women."

[129]

Women are statistically underrepresented in creative positions in the center of the US film industry, Hollywood. This underrepresentation has been called the "celluloid ceiling", a variant on the employment discrimination term "glass ceiling". In 2013, the "top-paid actors ... made 2+12 times as much money as the top-paid actresses."[127] "[O]lder [male] actors make more than their female equals" in age, with "female movie stars mak[ing] the most money on average per film at age 34 while male stars earn the most at 51."[128]


The 2013 Celluloid Ceiling Report conducted by the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film at San Diego State University collected a list of statistics gathered from "2,813 individuals employed by the 250 top domestic grossing films of 2012."[129]


Women accounted for:


A New York Times article stated that only 15% of the top films in 2013 had women for a lead acting role.[130] The author of the study noted that "The percentage of female speaking roles has not increased much since the 1940s when they hovered around 25 percent to 28 percent." "Since 1998, women's representation in behind-the-scenes roles other than directing has gone up just 1 percent." Women "directed the same percent of the 250 top-grossing films in 2012 (9 percent) as they did in 1998."[127]

Category:Documentary films about Hollywood, Los Angeles

Category:Documentary films about the cinema of the United States

Category:Films about Hollywood, Los Angeles

Lists of American films

American comedy films

American Film Institute

History of animation in the United States

List of films in the public domain in the United States

Motion Picture Association of America film rating system

National Film Registry

Earley, Steven C. (1978). An Introduction to American Movies. New American Library.

(1988). The Hollywood History of the World, from One Million Years B.C. to 'Apocalypse Now'. London: M. Joseph; "First US ed.", New York: Beech Tree Books. Both eds. collate thus: xix, 268 p., amply ill. (b&w photos). ISBN 0-7181-2997-0 (U.K. ed.), 0-688-07520-7 (US ed.).

Fraser, George McDonald

Scott, A. J. (2000). The Cultural Economy of Cities. London: Sage Publications.  0-7619-5455-4.

ISBN

Hallett, Hilary A. Go West, Young Women! The Rise of Early Hollywood. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2013.

May, Lary (1983). Screening Out the Past: The Birth of Mass Culture and the Motion Picture Industry. University of Chicago Press.  9780226511733.

ISBN

Ragan, David. Who's Who in Hollywood, 1900–1976. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1976.

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Media related to Cinema of the United States at Wikimedia Commons