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Emilian dialects

Emilian (Reggian, Parmesan and Modenese: emigliân, Bolognese emiliàn; Italian: emiliano) is a Gallo-Italic unstandardised language spoken in the historical region of Emilia, which is now in the western part of Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.

Emilian

IPA: [emiˈʎaːŋ]

Italy

Primarily Emilia-Romagna. Border variants spoken in near Lombardy, Tuscany and Veneto's provinces.

3.3 million (2008)[1]

Unknown, c. 1.3 million (2006 estimate) (2006)[2]

see Dialectal varieties section

Latin

egl

emil1241

51-AAA-oka ... -okh

Emilian has a default word order of subject–verb–object and both grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and grammatical number (singular and plural). There is a strong T–V distinction, which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity or insult. The alphabet, largely adapted from the Italian (Tuscan) one, uses a considerable number of diacritics.

Mantuan, spoken in all but the very north of the in Lombardy. It has a strong Lombard influence.

Province of Mantua

Vogherese (Pavese-Vogherese), spoken in the in Lombardy. It is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentine. It is also akin to Tortonese.

Province of Pavia

Piacentine, spoken west of the in the Province of Piacenza and on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentine are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian.

River Taro

, spoken in the Province of Parma. Those from the area refer to the Parmesan spoken outside Parma as Arioso or Parmense, although today's urban and rural dialects are so mixed that only a few speak the original. The language spoken in Casalmaggiore in the Province of Cremona to the north of Parma is closely related to Parmesan.

Parmesan

Reggiano (Arzân), spoken in the , although the northern parts (such as Guastalla, Luzzara and Reggiolo) of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantuan.

Province of Reggio Emilia

Modenese, spoken in the centre of the , although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area.

Province of Modena

Mirandolese, spoken in the northern part of the , it is very different from the modenese dialect in the phonology, grammar and vocabulary.

Province of Modena

, spoken in all the Metropolitan City of Bologna but the Romagnol comuni of: Imola, Dozza, Borgo Tossignano, Fontanelice, Castel del Rio, Mordano and Casalfiumanese (all beyond the river Santerno); in around Castelfranco Emilia (Modena); in the Province of Ferrara (Cento, Poggio Renatico, Sant'Agostino and Mirabello) and in Pavana (Province of Pistoia, Tuscany).

Bolognese

Ferrarese, spoken in the (except for Cento and surroundings), southern Veneto, and Comacchio.

Province of Ferrara

Carrarese and Lunigiano dialects, spoken in , Lunigiana, in almost all of the Province of Massa-Carrara in northwestern Tuscany, and a good portion of the Province of La Spezia in eastern Liguria. Historically, this region has been part of Tuscany and the duchies of Modena and Parma at different times, so it has a close economic relationship with the Emilian area and is geographically proximate due to the Magra and Vara rivers.

Carrara

Affricate sounds [, d͡z] can also be heard as alternates of fricative sounds /θ, ð/ particularly among southern dialects.

t͡s

In the Piacentino dialect, an // sound can be heard as either an alveolar trill [r], or as a uvular fricative [ʁ] sound.

r

Writing system[edit]

Emilian is written using a Latin script that has never been standardised, and spelling varies widely among the dialects.


The dialects were largely oral and rarely written until some time in the late 20th century; a large amount of written media in Emilian has been created since World War II.

Colombini, F. (2007). La negazione nei dialetti emiliani: microvariazione nell'area modenese (MA thesis). .

University of Padua

Rognoni, Luca (2013). "Il sistema fonologico del dialetto modenese". L'Italia dialettale: rivista di dialettologia italiana. Vol. 74. pp. 135–148.  9788846739957.

ISBN

Foresti, Fabio (1997). Bibliografia dialettale dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Repubblica di San Marino (BDER). Bologna: Compositori.

Mainoldi, Pietro (2000) [1950, Bologna: Società tipografica Mareggiani]. Manuale dell'odierno dialetto bolognese, Suoni e segni, Grammatica – Vocabolario. Forni.  9788827129173.

ISBN

Tuttle, E. F. (1991). "Nasalization in Northern Italy: Syllabic Constraints and Strength Scales as Developmental Parameters". Rivista di Linguistica. III: 23–92.

at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

Emilian basic lexicon