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Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Arabic: جماعة التوحيد والجهاد, lit. 'Congregation of Monotheism and Jihad'), abbreviated as JTJ or Jama'at, was a Salafi jihadist militant group.[15] It was founded in Jordan in 1999, and was led by Jordanian national Abu Musab al-Zarqawi for the entirety of its existence. During the Iraqi insurgency (2003–11), the group became a decentralized network with foreign fighters[16] with a considerable Iraqi membership.[9][1]

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
(Congregation of Monotheism and Jihad)

Abu Musab al-Zarqawi †

Abu Musab al-Zarqawi †
Abu Anas al-Shami †
Omar Husayn Hadid al-Muhammadi †

1999[1]–17 October 2004[2]

Fallujah

Iraq, limited in Jordan

Ansar al-Islam (associate)[9][10]
Islamic Army of Iraq (sometimes)
Ansar al-Sunnah (sometimes)
Jaish al-Rashideen (sometimes)
Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance (sometimes)
Jeish Muhammad (sometimes)

Multi-National Force – Iraq
Coalition Provisional Authority
 United States
 Jordan
 Iran
 Turkey
 Japan[11]
 United Nations

Iraqi insurgency

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On 17 October 2004, al-Zarqawi pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, and the group became known as Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq or Tanzim).[2][17] After several mergers with other groups and the formation of the Mujahideen Shura Council, it changed its name several times until it called itself Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006.

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Ideology and motivation[edit]

Al-Zarqawi's interpretation of Islamic takfir—accusing other Muslims of heresy and thereby justifying his killing—was extreme, which caused friction between him and bin Laden.[1] On his first meeting with bin Laden in 1999, al-Zarqawi reportedly declared: "Shiites should be executed".[19]


Al-Zarqawi's political motives included what he considered the British Mandate for Palestine as a "gift to the Jews so they can rape the land and humiliate our people",[20] the United Nation's support for American "oppressors of Iraq",[20] and the "humiliation [of] our [Muslim] nation".[21]

U.S. fighting Jama'at[edit]

In September 2004, the U.S. conducted many airstrikes targeting Al-Zarqawi, calling the hunt for Al-Zarqawi its "highest priority".[44]

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History[edit]

In Jordan (1999–2001)[edit]

Al-Zarqawi started JTJ with the intention of overthrowing the 'apostate' Kingdom of Jordan,[1] which he considered to be un-Islamic. After toppling Jordan's monarchy, presumably he would turn to the rest of the Levant.[1]


For these purposes he developed numerous contacts and affiliates in several countries. His network may have been involved in the late 1999 plot to bomb the Millennium celebrations in the United States and Jordan.[22]

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August 7, 2003: which killed 17 and injured at least 40. The Jamestown Foundation considered Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad responsible for this attack.[10]

Jordanian embassy bombing in Baghdad

August 19, 2003: that killed chief of the United Nations Mission to Iraq Sérgio Vieira de Mello and 22 others at the UN headquarters in Baghdad. More than 100 were injured.[9][10] Zarqawi claimed responsibility for this attack in April 2004, saying the U.N. "gave Palestine to the Jews so they can humiliate our people" and are "friends of the [American] oppressors".[20][27]

Canal Hotel bombing

August 29, 2003: the Shia in Najaf that killed Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim and more than 85 others, was claimed by Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), the New York Sun wrote in 2007.[28] More than 500 were injured.[9][29]

Imam Ali Mosque bombing

November 12, 2003: in Nasiriyah which killed 17 Italian paramilitary policemen partaking in the U.S.-led 'Multi-National Force', and 10 civilians and injured at least 100. The Jamestown Foundation considered Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad responsible for this attack.[10]

The truck bombing

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March 2, 2004: in Baghdad and Karbala that killed some 178 Shi'ite civilians and wounded at least 500 during the holy Day of Ashura. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy held "Zarqawi's group" responsible.[30]

Series of bombings

April 19, 2004: Failed plot to explode in Amman, Jordan, said to be financed by Zarqawi's network.[31]

chemical bombs

April 24, 2004: In a statement published on the Islamist web site, Zarqawi took responsibility for a series of suicide boat bombings of oil pumping stations in the Persian Gulf.

Muntada al-Ansar

May 18, 2004: Car bomb assassination of President Ezzedine Salim in Baghdad. The Jama'at group stated on an Islamist website that they were "determined to lift the humiliation from our nation (...) Another lion has removed the rotten head of those who betray God and sell their religion to the Americans and their allies".[21][8]

Iraqi Governing Council

June 18, 2004: in Baghdad near an Iraqi Army recruitment center that killed 35 civilians, and wounded 145. Jama'at was blamed.[32]

The suicide car bombing

August 1, 2004: , 12 people killed and 71 wounded. Iraq's national security adviser, Mowaffaq al-Rubaie, blamed the attacks on Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.[33]

six churches in Baghdad and Mosul were attacked

September 14, 2004: Car bomb civilians and police recruits on Haifa Street in Baghdad.[8][34]

killed 47 and injured nearly 100

September 30, 2004: which killed 41 people, mostly children. Jama'at claimed responsibility for attacks on the day, but it was unclear if this was included.[8]

Baghdad bombing

The October 2004 massacre of 49 unarmed recruits was claimed by JTJ.[35]

Iraqi National Guard

December 3, 2004: Failed attempt to blow up an Iraqi–Jordanian , for which al-Zarqawi and two of his associates were sentenced to death in absentia by a Jordanian court in 2006[36]

border crossing

Abu Ayyub al-Masri

Terrorism in Iraq

Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

The Guardian on September 21, 2004

Brutal kidnappers gaining in popularity

BBC News on October 8, 2004

Profile: Tawhid and Jihad group

Coalition Provisional Authority

Purported Zarqawi letter

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