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Stereotypes of African Americans

Stereotypes of African Americans are misleading beliefs about the culture of people with partial or total ancestry from any black racial groups of Africa whose ancestors resided in the United States since before 1865, largely connected to the racism and the discrimination to which African Americans are subjected. These beliefs date back to the slavery of black people during the colonial era and they have evolved within American society.

For stereotypes about the inhabitants of Africa, see Stereotypes of Africans.

The first major displays of stereotypes of African Americans were minstrel shows. Beginning in the nineteenth century, they used White actors who were dressed in blackface and attire which was supposedly worn by African-Americans in order to lampoon and disparage blacks. Some nineteenth century stereotypes, such as the sambo, are now considered to be derogatory and racist. The "Mandingo" and "Jezebel" stereotypes portray African-Americans as hypersexual, contributing to their sexualization. The Mammy archetype depicts a motherly black woman who is dedicated to her role working for a white family, a stereotype which dates back to the origin of Southern plantations. African-Americans are frequently stereotyped as having an unusual appetite for fried chicken, watermelon, and grape drinks.


In the 1980s as well as in the following decades, emerging stereotypes of black men depicted them as being criminals and social degenerates, particularly as drug dealers, crack addicts, hobos, and subway muggers.[1] Jesse Jackson said the media portrays black people as less intelligent.[2] The magical Negro is a stock character who is depicted as having special insight or powers, and has been depicted (and criticized) in American cinema.[3] In recent history, black men are stereotyped as being deadbeat fathers.[4] African American men are also stereotyped as being dangerous criminals.[5] African Americans are frequently stereotyped as being hypersexual, athletic, uncivilized, uneducated and violent. Young urban African American men are frequently labelled "gangstas" or "players."[6][7]


Stereotypes of black females include depictions which portray them as welfare queens or depictions which portray them as angry black women who are loud, aggressive, demanding, and rude.[8]


Laziness, submissiveness, backwardness, lewdness, treachery, and dishonesty are stereotypes historically assigned to African Americans.[9]

Africa–United States relations

African characters in comics

African-American culture

African-American history

African-American representation in Hollywood

African diaspora

Afrophobia

Aunt Jemima

Blackface

Black matriarchy

Black people

Culture of Africa

Culture of the Southern United States

Discrimination in the United States

History of Africa

Person of color

Colored people's time

Coon song

Discrimination in the United States

Discrimination based on skin color#United States

History of the Southern United States

How Rastus Gets His Turkey

(board game)

Life as a BlackMan

Lynching

Lynching in the United States

Mass racial violence in the United States

Minstrel show

Negrophobia

Racial profiling

Racial segregation

Scientific racism

Slavery in the United States

Stepin Fetchit

Criminal stereotype of African Americans

Police brutality in the United States

Race in the United States criminal justice system

Race and the war on drugs

Stereotypes of Africa

The Story of Little Black Sambo

Uncle Remus

Stereotypes of groups within the United States

Stereotypes of Americans

Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States

Stereotypes of white Americans

Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians in the United States

Stereotypes of indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States

Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States

Stereotypes of South Asians

Stereotypes of Jews

Blonde stereotype

LGBT stereotypes

Ethnic stereotype

Racism against African Americans

Racism in the United States

Racialization

Culture of Africa

History of Africa

Stereotypes of Africa

Collins, Patricia Hill (1990). . Hyman. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-044-45138-9.

Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment

West, Carolyn (2008). . Lectures on the Psychology of Women (4).

"Mammy, Jezebel, Sapphire, and Their Homegirls: Developing an 'Oppositional Gaze' Towards the Images of Black Women"

White, Deborah Gray (1999). (Revised ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31481-6.

Ar'n't I a Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South

(1997). "Back on the Auction Block: A Discussion of Black Women and Pornography". National Black Law Journal. 14 (2): 204–221.

Amoah, Jewel D.

Anderson, L. M. (1997). Mammies no more: The changing image of black women on stage and screen. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Bogle, Donald. (1994). Toms, coons, mulattoes, mammies, and bucks: An interpretive history of Blacks in American films (New 3rd ed.). New York, NY: Continuum.

Jewell, K.S. (1993). From mammy to Miss America and beyond: Cultural images and the shaping of U.S. social policy. New York, NY: Routledge.

Leab, D. J. (1975/1976). From Sambo to Superspade: The black experience in motion pictures. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Patricia A. Turner, Ceramic Uncles & Celluloid Mammies: Black Images and Their Influence on Culture (Anchor Books, 1994).

Stampp, Kenneth M. (1971). "Rebels and Sambos: The Search for the Negro's Personality in Slavery". The Journal of Southern History. 37 (3): 367–392. :10.2307/2206947. JSTOR 2206947.

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West, Carolyn M. (1995). "Mammy, Sapphire, and Jezebel: Historical images of Black women and their implications for psychotherapy". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 32 (3): 458–466. :10.1037/0033-3204.32.3.458. ProQuest 614327223.

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