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Tycho Brahe

Tycho Brahe (/ˈtaɪkoʊ ˈbrɑː(h)i, - ˈbrɑː(hə)/ TY-koh BRAH-(h)ee, -⁠ BRAH(-hə), Danish: [ˈtsʰykʰo ˈpʁɑːə] ; born Tyge Ottesen Brahe, Danish: [ˈtsʰyːjə ˈʌtəsn̩ ˈpʁɑːə];[note 1] 14 December 1546 – 24 October 1601), generally called Tycho for short, was a Danish astronomer of the Renaissance, known for his comprehensive and unprecedentedly accurate astronomical observations. He was known during his lifetime as an astronomer, astrologer, and alchemist. He was the last major astronomer before the invention of the telescope.

This article is about the astronomer. For other uses, see Tycho Brahe (disambiguation).

Tycho Brahe

Tyge Ottesen Brahe

14 December 1546
Knutstorp Castle, Scania, Denmark–Norway

24 October 1601(1601-10-24) (aged 54)

Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire

Danish

Kirsten Barbara Jørgensdatter

8

In 1572, Tycho noticed a completely new star that was brighter than any star or planet. Astonished by the existence of a star that ought not to have been there, he devoted himself to the creation of ever more accurate instruments of measurement over the next fifteen years (1576–1591). King Frederick II granted Tycho an estate on the island of Hven and the money to build Uraniborg, the first large observatory in Christian Europe. He later worked underground at Stjerneborg, where he realised that his instruments in Uraniborg were not sufficiently steady. His unprecedented research program both turned astronomy into the first modern science and also helped launch the Scientific Revolution.[3]


An heir to several noble families, Tycho was well educated. He worked to combine what he saw as the geometrical benefits of Copernican heliocentrism with the philosophical benefits of the Ptolemaic system, and devised the Tychonic system, his own version of a model of the Universe, with the Sun orbiting the Earth, and the planets as orbiting the Sun. In De nova stella (1573), he refuted the Aristotelian belief in an unchanging celestial realm. His measurements indicated that "new stars", stellae novae, now called supernovae, moved beyond the Moon, and he was able to show that comets were not atmospheric phenomena, as was previously thought.


In 1597, Tycho was forced by the new king, Christian IV, to leave Denmark. He was invited to Prague, where he became the official imperial astronomer, and built an observatory at Benátky nad Jizerou. Prior to his death in 1601, he was assisted for a year by Johannes Kepler, who went on to use Tycho's data to develop his own three laws of planetary motion.

Katana VentraIP

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(Uraniborg, 1588; Prague, 1603; Frankfurt, 1610)

De Mundi Aetherei Recentioribus Phaenomenis Liber Secundus

(Prague, 1602/03; Frankfurt, 1610)

Tychonis Brahe Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata

(in Latin). København: G.E.C. Gad. 1876–1886.

[Opere. Carteggi]

December 1573 lunar eclipse

History of trigonometry

List of astronomers

Almási, Gábor (2013). . Science in Context. 26 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1017/s0269889712000270. S2CID 121696611.

"Tycho Brahe and the separation of astronomy from astrology: the making of a new scientific discourse"

(2004). "The Search for Tycho Brahe's Nose" (PDF). Annals of Improbable Research. 10 (4): 6–7. doi:10.3142/107951404781540572.

Benecke, Mark

Björklund, Per-Åke (1992). Tycho Brahe og kamarillaen: festskrift i anledning af 400-års dagen for Christian IV's besøg på Hven [Tycho Brahe and the Camarilla] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Rhodos.  978-87724-5-470-2.

ISBN

Blair, Ann (1990). . Journal of the History of Ideas (Submitted manuscript). 51 (3): 355–377. doi:10.2307/2709620. JSTOR 2709620. S2CID 21885864.

"Tycho Brahe's critique of Copernicus and the Copernican system"

Boerst, William J. (2003). . Greensboro, North Carolina: Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 978-18838-4-697-8.

Tycho Brahe: Mapping the Heavens

Bricka, Carl Frederik (1888). . Dansk Biografisk Lexikon. Vol. II. Beccau – Brandis.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

"Tycho Brahe"

Christianson, John Robert (1979). "Tycho Brahe's German treatise on the comet of 1577: A study in science and politics". Isis. 70: 110–140. :1979Isis...70..110C. doi:10.1086/352158. S2CID 144502304.

Bibcode

Christianson, John Robert (1998). "Tycho Brahe in Scandinavian Scholarship". . 36 (4): 467–484. doi:10.1177/007327539803600403. S2CID 161128058.

History of Science

Christianson, John Robert (2000). . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-05210-0-884-6.

On Tycho's Island: Tycho Brahe and His Assistants, 1570–1601

Christianson, John Robert (2002). . Centaurus. 44 (3–4): 228–247. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0498.2002.440302.x. PMID 17424666.

"The Legacy of Tycho Brahe"

Christianson, John Robert (2017). (PDF). Nordic Journal of Renaissance Studies (Renæssanceforum). 12. Nordic Network for Renaissance Studies: 131–1444. ISSN 2597-0143.

"Tycho Brahe's Earliest Instruments"

Christianson, John Robert (2020). Tycho Brahe and the Measure of the Heavens. London: Reaktion Books Ltd.  978-17891-4-271-6.

ISBN

(1890). Tycho Brahe: A Picture of Scientific Life and Work in the Sixteenth Century. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.

Dreyer, John Louis Emil

Feingold, Mordechai; Navarro-Brotons, Víctor, eds. (2006). . Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-14020-3-975-1.

Universities and Science in the Early Modern Period

Ferguson, Kitty (2002). The nobleman and his housedog: Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler: the strange partnership that revolutionised science. London: Review. :2002nhtb.book.....F.

Bibcode

Gilder, J.; Gilder, A. L. (2005). . Anchor. ISBN 978-1400031764.

Heavenly intrigue: Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, and the murder behind one of history's greatest scientific discoveries

Figala, Karin (1972). "Tycho brahes elixier". Annals of Science. 28 (2): 139–176. :10.1080/00033797200200111. PMID 11619597.

doi

(1973). "Copernicus and Tycho". Scientific American. 173 (6): 86–101. Bibcode:1973SciAm.229f..86G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1273-86.

Gingerich, Owen

; Westman, Robert S. (1988). "The Wittich Connection: Conflict and Priority in Late Sixteenth-Century Cosmology". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 78 (7). American Philosophical Society. doi:10.2307/1006552. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1006552 – via JSTOR.

Gingerich, Owen

Gotfredsen, Edvard (1955). [The final illness and death of Tycho Brahe]. Fund og Forskning I Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger. 2: 33–38. doi:10.7146/fof.v2i1.41115. ISSN 0069-9896.

"Tycho Brahes sidste sygdom og død"

Graney, C. M. (2012). "Science rather than God: Riccioli's review of the case for and against the Copernican hypothesis". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 43 (2): 215–225. :1103.2057. Bibcode:2012JHA....43..215G. doi:10.1177/002182861204300206. S2CID 120484303.

arXiv

Hashimoto, Keizo (1987). "Longomontanus's" Astronomia Danica" in China". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 18 (2): 95–110. :1987JHA....18...95H. doi:10.1177/002182868701800202. S2CID 115238854.

Bibcode

Hetherington, Edith W.; Hetherington, Norriss S. (2009). Astronomy and Culture. ABC-CLIO.

Håkansson, Håkan (2004). "Tycho the Apocalyptic: History, Prophecy, and the Meaning of Natural Phenomena". . 8: 211–236.

Acta Historicae Rerum Naturalium Necnon Technicarum

Håkansson, Håkan (2006). Att låta själen flyga mellan himlens tinnar [Letting the soul fly among the turrets of the sky]. Stockholm: Atlantis.  978-9173531047.

ISBN

; Galeano, Gloria; Bernal, Rodrigo (2019). Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-06910-1-600-9.

Henderson, Andrew

Hoskin, Michael, ed. (1997). The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy (1st ed.). Cambridge: . ISBN 978-0521576000.

Cambridge University Press

Høg, Erik (2009). "400 years of astrometry: from Tycho Brahe to Hipparcos". Experimental Astronomy. 25 (1–3): 225–240. :2009ExA....25..225H. doi:10.1007/s10686-009-9156-7. S2CID 121722096.

Bibcode

Jackson, E. Atlee (2001). . Wiley-IEEE. p. 12. ISBN 978-0471191469. Retrieved 20 December 2009.

Exploring Nature's Dynamics

Jardine, Nicholas (2006). "Kepler as castigator and historian: His preparatory notes for Contra Ursum". . 37 (3): 257–297. Bibcode:2006JHA....37..257J. doi:10.1177/002182860603700302. S2CID 117910608.

Journal for the History of Astronomy

Kragh, Helge (2005). Fra Middelalderlærdom til Den Nye Videnskab. Dansk Naturvidenskabs Historie (in Danish). Vol. 1. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.  978-8779341685.

ISBN

Kragh, Helge (2007). "Received wisdom in biography: Tycho biographies from Gassendi to Christianson". The History and Poetics of Scientific Biography. pp. 121–134.

Krause, Oliver; Tanaka, Masaomi; Usuda, Tomonori; Hattori, Takashi; Goto, Miwa; Birkmann, Stephan; Nomoto, Ken'ichi (2008). "Tycho Brahe's 1572 supernova as a standard type Ia as revealed by its light-echo spectrum". . 456 (7222): 617–619. arXiv:0810.5106. Bibcode:2008Natur.456..617K. doi:10.1038/nature07608. PMID 19052622. S2CID 4409995.

Nature

Linton, Christopher M. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein – A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  978-0521827508.

ISBN

Moesgaard, Kristian Peder (1972). "Copernican influence on Tycho Brahe"". In Dobrzycki, Jerzy (ed.). The Reception of Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory. Dordrecht & Boston: D. Reidel Publishing.  978-9027703118.

ISBN

Mosley, Adam (2007). Bearing the heavens: Tycho Brahe and the astronomical community of the late sixteenth century. Cambridge University Press.

Olson, Donald W.; Olson, Marilynn S.; Doescher, Russell L. (1998). "The stars of Hamlet". . 96 (November): 68. Bibcode:1998S&T....96e..68O.

Sky & Telescope

(1993). "Tycho's 1004-Star Catalog / The First Critical Edition" (PDF). Dio (PDF). 3. The International Journal of Scientific History: 3. Bibcode:1993DIO.....3....3R. ISSN 1041-5440. Retrieved 24 September 2009.

Rawlins, Dennis

Repcheck, Jack (2008). Copernicus's Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began. . ISBN 978-0743289528.

Simon & Schuster

Russell, J. L. (1989). "Catholic astronomers and the Copernican system after the condemnation of Galileo". . 46 (4): 365–386. doi:10.1080/00033798900200291.

Annals of Science

Shackelford, Jole (1993). "Tycho Brahe, laboratory design, and the aim of science: reading plans in context". . 84 (2): 211–230. Bibcode:1993Isis...84..211S. doi:10.1086/356460. ISSN 0021-1753. S2CID 144725873.

Isis

Stephenson, Bruce (1987). . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691036526.

Kepler's Physical Astronomy

(2005). "From Tycho Brahe to Incorrect Tycho de Brahe: A Searching for the First Occurrence, when the Mistaken Name of Famous Astronomer Appeared". Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Mathematica et Physica. 46, Supplementum: 29–36. Bibcode:2005AcMPS..45...29S. ISSN 0001-7140.

Šolcová, Alena

(2004). "An Essay on Thomas Kuhn's First Scientific Revolution, The Copernican Revolution" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 48 (1): 64–120. ISSN 0003-049X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2011.

Swerdlow, Noel M.

(1996). "Astronomy in the Renaissance". In Walker, C. (ed.). Astronomy before the Telescope. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-07141-1-746-1.

Swerdlow, Noel M.

Taton, René; Wilson, Curtis, eds. (1989). . The General History of Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521242547.

Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics: Part A - Tycho Brahe to Newton

Thoren, Victor E.; Christianson, John Robert (1990). . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-05213-5-158-4.

The Lord of Uraniborg: A Biography of Tycho Brahe

Thoren, Victor E. (1988). . Historia Mathematica. 15 (1): 32–39. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(88)90047-x. ISSN 0315-0860.

"Prosthaphaeresis Revisited"

Thoren, Victor E. (1967). . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 79 (470): 482–489. Bibcode:1967PASP...79..482T. doi:10.1086/128534. ISSN 1538-3873. S2CID 120936937.

"Tycho and Kepler on the Lunar Theory"

Vermij, R. (2007). "Putting the Earth in Heaven: Philips Lansbergen, the early Dutch Copernicans and the Mechanization of the World Picture". In Bucciantini, M.; Camerota, M.; (eds.). Mechanics and Cosmology in the Medieval and Early Modern Period. Firenze: Olski. pp. 121–141. ISBN 978-88222-5-661-4.

Roux, S.

Wesley, Walter G. (1978). . Journal for the History of Astronomy. 9: 42–53. Bibcode:1978JHA.....9...42W. doi:10.1177/002182867800900102. ISSN 0021-8286. S2CID 118013162.

"The Accuracy of Tycho Brahe's Instruments"

Wittendorff, Alex (1994). Tyge Brahe (in Danish). Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad.  978-87120-2-272-5.

ISBN

Wyner, Lawrence M (2015). "Urologic Demise of Astronomer Tycho Brahe: A Cosmic Case of Urinary Retention". . 88: 22–35. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2015.10.006. ISSN 0090-4295. PMID 26548950.

Urology

Barker, P. (2020). 3013TychoBrahe. HSTM3013.

Christianson, J. R. (2020). Star Castle: Going Down to See Up. In Tycho Brahe and the measure of the heavens (pp. 118–159). essay, Reaktion Books.

Brahe, Tycho (1913–1929). (ed.). Tychonis Brahe Dani Opera Omnia' [Collected Works of Tycho Brahe the Dane] (in Latin). Vol. 15 vols. Copenhagen: Libraria Gyldendaliana. OCLC 667621539.

Dreyer, John Louis Emi

Christianson, J. R. (1967). "Tycho Brahe at the University of Copenhagen, 1559–1562". . 58 (2): 198–203. doi:10.1086/350219. S2CID 144721007.

Isis

(1911). "Brahe, Tycho" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 377–378.

Clerke, Agnes Mary

Cowen, R. (18 December 1999). . Science News. 156 (25 & 26). Archived from the original on 28 August 2005. Retrieved 28 July 2008.

"Danish astronomer argues for a changing cosmos"

at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

Tycho Brahe

from Aarhus University

Information about the opening of Brahe's tomb in 2010

, an exhibition by the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford in 2004

The Noble Dane: Images of Tycho Brahe

from the Bodleian Library's Early Modern Letters Online website

The Correspondence of Tycho Brahe

from Lehigh University (archived 20 December 2022)

Astronomiae instauratae mechanica, 1602 edition

– full digital facsimile, Linda Hall Library

Learned Tico Brahae, His Astronomicall Coniectur, 1632

Coat-of-arms of Brahe

on the island of Ven (Sweden)

Information about the Tycho Brahe Museum

– English translation of the astronomy sections, freely available from causaScientia.org

De Nova Stella

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