Lord Kelvin
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, OM, GCVO, PC, FRS, FRSE (26 June 1824 – 17 December 1907)[7] was a British mathematician, mathematical physicist and engineer born in Belfast.[8] He was the professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Glasgow for 53 years, where he undertook significant research and mathematical analysis of electricity, was instrumental in the formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics,[9][10] and contributed significantly to unifying physics, which was then in its infancy of development as an emerging academic discipline. He received the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1883 and served as its president from 1890 to 1895. In 1892, he became the first scientist to be elevated to the House of Lords.[11]
For other people named William Thomson, see William Thomson (disambiguation).
The Lord Kelvin
Liberal (1865–1886)
Liberal Unionist (from 1886)
None[4]
- James Thomson (father)
James Thomson (brother)
- Joule–Thomson effect
- Joule-Thomson ideal gas coefficient
- Voigt–Thomson law
- Thomson effect (thermoelectric)
- Thomson relations
- Kelvin balance
- Kelvin's balls
- Kelvin cat's eye pattern
- Kelvin coupling
- Kelvin's mirror galvanometer
- Kelvin material
- Kelvin water dropper
- Kelvin wave
- Kelvin–Helmholtz instability
- Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
- Kelvin-Helmholtz luminosity
- Kelvin-Planck statement
- Kelvin's heat death paradox
- Kelvin–Helmholtz time scale
- Kelvin's minimum energy theorem
- Kelvin conjecture
- Kelvin structure
- Kelvin foam
- Kelvin functions
- Kelvin transform
- Kelvin's circulation theorem
- Kelvin–Stokes theorem
- Kelvin bridge
- Kelvin sensing
- Kelvin equation
- Kelvin-Varley divider
- Kelvin wake pattern
- Kelvin angle
- Zero Kelvin
- Kelvin probe force microscope
- Kelvin scanning probe
- Automatic curb sender
- Cable theory
- Dark night sky paradox
- Earth's age paradox
- Depth sounding
- Dissipation
- Gyrostat
- Law of squares
- First law of thermodynamics
- Second law of thermodynamics
- Entropy
- Heat death of the universe
- Magnetic vector potential
- Magnetoresistance
- Maxwell's demon
- Piezoresistive effect
- Siphon recorder
- Stationary phase approximation
- Dark matter
- Tide-predicting machine
- Vortex theory of the atom
- Coining the term chirality
- Coining the term thermodynamics[6]
- Coining the term kinetic energy
- First Smith's Prize (1845)
- Royal Medal (1856)
- Keith Medal (1864)
- Matteucci Medal (1876)
- Albert Medal (1879)
- Copley Medal (1883)
- John Fritz Medal (1905)
Absolute temperatures are stated in units of kelvin in his honour. While the existence of a coldest possible temperature, absolute zero, was known before his work, Kelvin determined its correct value as approximately −273.15 degrees Celsius or −459.67 degrees Fahrenheit.[12] The Joule–Thomson effect is also named in his honour.
He worked closely with mathematics professor Hugh Blackburn in his work. He also had a career as an electrical telegraph engineer and inventor which propelled him into the public eye and earned him wealth, fame, and honours. For his work on the transatlantic telegraph project, he was knighted in 1866 by Queen Victoria, becoming Sir William Thomson. He had extensive maritime interests and worked on the mariner's compass, which previously had limited reliability.
He was ennobled in 1892 in recognition of his achievements in thermodynamics, and of his opposition to Irish Home Rule,[13][14][15] becoming Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr. The title refers to the River Kelvin, which flows near his laboratory at the University of Glasgow's Gilmorehill home at Hillhead. Despite offers of elevated posts from several world-renowned universities, Kelvin refused to leave Glasgow, remaining until his retirement from that post in 1899.[7] Active in industrial research and development, he was recruited around 1899 by George Eastman to serve as vice-chairman of the board of the British company Kodak Limited, affiliated with Eastman Kodak.[16] In 1904 he became chancellor of the University of Glasgow.[7]
He resided in Netherhall, a redstone mansion in Largs, which he built in the 1870s and where he died in 1907. The Hunterian Museum at the University of Glasgow has a permanent exhibition on the work of Kelvin, which includes many of his original papers, instruments, and other artefacts, including his smoking pipe.