Aramaic
Aramaic (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: ארמית, romanized: ˀərāmiṯ; Classical Syriac: ܐܪܡܐܝܬ, romanized: arāmāˀiṯ[a]) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia[2][3] and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties[4] for over three thousand years.
For other uses, see Aramaic (disambiguation).Aramaic
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Semitic
- West Semitic
- Central Semitic
- Northwest Semitic
- Aramoid?
- Aramaic
- Aramoid?
- Northwest Semitic
- Central Semitic
- West Semitic
Syriac alphabet (Christian)
Mandaic (Mandaeans)
Hebrew alphabet (Jewish)
Historically Phoenician alphabet, Aramaic alphabet
Variously:arc – Imperial Aramaicsyc – Classical Syriacmyz – Classical Mandaicxrm – Armazic languagebjf – Barzani Neo-Aramaicbhn – Bohtan Neo-Aramaichrt – Hertevin Neo-Aramaicaij – Inter-Zab Neo-Aramaictmr – Jewish Babylonian Aramaicjpa – Jewish Palestinian Aramaickqd – Koy Sanjaq Neo-Aramaiclhs – Mlaḥsô languagemid – Modern Mandaicoar – Old Aramaicsam – Samaritan Aramaic languagesyn – Senaya Neo-Aramaicsyr – Suret languagehuy – Trans-Zab Neo-Aramaictru – Turoyo languagetrg – Urmia Neo-Aramaicamw – Western Neo-Aramaic
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Aramaic served as a language of public life and administration of ancient kingdoms and empires, and also as a language of divine worship and religious study. Several modern varieties, the Neo-Aramaic languages, are still spoken by the Assyrians, Mandeans, Mizrahi Jews[5][6][7][8] and by the Arameans (Syriacs) in the towns of Maaloula and nearby Jubb'adin in Syria.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Aramaic is used as the liturgical language of several West Asian churches.[16][17][18][19][20]
Aramaic belongs to the Northwest group of the Semitic language family, which also includes the mutually intelligible Canaanite languages such as Hebrew, Edomite, Moabite, Ekronite, Sutean, and Phoenician, as well as Amorite and Ugaritic.[21][22] Aramaic languages are written in the Aramaic alphabet, a descendant of the Phoenician alphabet, and the most prominent alphabet variant is the Syriac alphabet.[23] The Aramaic alphabet also became a base for the creation and adaptation of specific writing systems in some other Semitic languages of West Asia, such as the Hebrew alphabet and the Arabic alphabet.[24]
The Aramaic languages are now considered endangered, with several varieties used mainly by the older generations.[25] Researchers are working to record and analyze all of the remaining varieties of Neo-Aramaic languages before they or in case they become extinct.[26][27] Aramaic dialects today form the mother tongues of the Arameans (Syriacs) in the Qalamoun mountains, Assyrians and Mandaeans, as well as some Mizrahi Jews.
Early Aramaic inscriptions date from 11th century BC, placing it among the earliest languages to be written down.[4] Aramaicist Holger Gzella notes, "The linguistic history of Aramaic prior to the appearance of the first textual sources in the ninth century BC remains unknown."[28] Aramaic is also believed by most historians and scholars to have been the primary language spoken by Jesus of Nazareth both for preaching and in everyday life.
Periodization of historical development of Aramaic language has been the subject of particular interest for scholars, who proposed several types of periodization, based on linguistic, chronological and territorial criteria. Overlapping terminology, used in different periodizations, led to the creation of several polysemic terms, that are used differently among scholars. Terms like: Old Aramaic, Ancient Aramaic, Early Aramaic, Middle Aramaic, Late Aramaic (and some others, like Paleo-Aramaic), were used in various meanings, thus referring (in scope or substance) to different stages in historical development of Aramaic language.[88][89][90]
Most commonly used types of periodization are those of Klaus Beyer and Joseph Fitzmyer.
Periodization of Klaus Beyer (1929–2014):[17]
Periodization of Joseph Fitzmyer (1920–2016):[91]
Recent periodization of Aaron Butts:[92]