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French people

The French people (French: Les Français, lit.'The French') are a nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France.

"Frenchman" redirects here. For other uses, see Frenchman (disambiguation).

Total population

67,413,000
(including overseas departments)
[1]

9,373,000 (includes ancestry)[3]

6,000,000 (includes ancestry)[4]

4,995,000 (includes ancestry)[5][6]

3,000,000 (ancestry)[7]
300,000[8]

1,000,000 (includes ancestry)[9]

800,000 (includes ancestry)[10]

124,000[13]

123,000[14]

122,000[15]

104,000[18]

41,000[19]

41,000[19]

33,368[22]

32,000[11]

31,000[11]

30,000[24]

27,000[19]

25,000[25]

20,000[11]

16,000[26]

15,000[27]

12,000[19]

10,000[28]

9,000[29]

8,000[30]

8,000[19]

5,000[19]

4,000[32]

3,152[33]

2,000[34]

The French people, especially the native speakers of langues d'oïl from northern and central France, are primarily descended from Romans (or Gallo-Romans, western European Celtic and Italic peoples), Gauls (including the Belgae), as well as Germanic peoples such as the Franks, the Visigoths, the Suebi and the Burgundians who settled in Gaul from east of the Rhine after the fall of the Roman Empire, as well as various later waves of lower-level irregular migration that have continued to the present day. The Norsemen also settled in Normandy in the 10th century and contributed significantly to the ancestry of the Normans. Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as Bretons in Brittany, Occitans in Occitania, Basques in the French Basque Country, Catalans in northern Catalonia, Germans in Alsace, Corsicans in Corsica and Flemings in French Flanders.[35]


France has long been a patchwork of local customs and regional differences, and while most French people still speak the French language as their mother tongue, languages like Picard, Poitevin-Saintongeais, Franco-Provencal, Occitan, Catalan, Auvergnat, Corsican, Basque, French Flemish, Lorraine Franconian, Alsatian, Norman, and Breton remain spoken in their respective regions. Arabic is also widely spoken, arguably the largest minority language in France as of the 21st century (a spot previously held by Breton and Occitan).[36]


Modern French society is a melting pot.[37] From the middle of the 19th century, it experienced a high rate of inward migration, mainly consisting of Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians, Arab-Berbers, Jews, Sub-Saharan Africans, Chinese, and other peoples from Africa, the Middle East and East Asia, and the government, defining France as an inclusive nation with universal values, advocated assimilation through which immigrants were expected to adhere to French values and cultural norms. Nowadays, while the government has let newcomers retain their distinctive cultures since the mid-1980s and requires from them a mere integration,[38] French citizens still equate their nationality with citizenship as does French law.[39]


In addition to mainland France, French people and people of French descent can be found internationally, in overseas departments and territories of France such as the French West Indies (French Caribbean), and in foreign countries with significant French-speaking population groups or not, such as the United States (French Americans), Canada (French Canadians), Argentina (French Argentines), Brazil (French Brazilians), Mexico (French Mexicans), Chile (French Chileans) and Uruguay (French Uruguayans).[40][41]

Citizenship and legal residence

To be French, according to the first article of the French Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion (sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion).[39] According to its principles, France has devoted itself to the destiny of a proposition nation, a generic territory where people are bounded only by the French language and the assumed willingness to live together, as defined by Ernest Renan's "plébiscite de tous les jours" ('everyday plebiscite') on the willingness to live together, in Renan's 1882 essay "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?").


The debate concerning the integration of this view with the principles underlying the European Community remains open.[42]


France has been historically open to immigration, although this has changed in recent years.[43] Referring to this perceived openness, Gertrude Stein, wrote: "America is my country but Paris is my home".[44] Indeed, the country has long valued its openness, tolerance and the quality of services available.[45] Application for French citizenship is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state allegiance unless a dual citizenship agreement exists between the two countries (for instance, this is the case with Switzerland: one can be both French and Swiss). The European treaties have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in the state sector (though not as trainees in reserved branches, e.g., as magistrates).


Seeing itself as an inclusive nation with universal values, France has always valued and strongly advocated assimilation. However, the success of such assimilation has recently been called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves (communautarisme). The 2005 French riots in some troubled and impoverished suburbs (les quartiers sensibles) were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as ethnic conflicts (as appeared before in other countries like the US and the UK) but as social conflicts born out of socioeconomic problems endangering proper integration.[46]

: until the Liberation, they were deprived of the right to vote. The provisional government of General de Gaulle accorded them this right by 21 April 1944 prescription. However, women are still under-represented in the political class. The 6 June 2000 law on parity attempted to address this question by imposing a de facto quota system for women in French politics.[80]

Women

: for a long time, it was called "la grande muette" ("the great mute") in reference to its prohibition from interfering in political life. During a large part of the Third Republic (1871–1940), the Army was in its majority anti-republican (and thus counterrevolutionary). The Dreyfus Affair and the 16 May 1877 crisis, which almost led to a monarchist coup d'état by MacMahon, are examples of this anti-republican spirit. Therefore, they would only gain the right to vote with the 17 August 1945 prescription: the contribution of De Gaulle to the interior French Resistance reconciled the Army with the Republic. Nevertheless, militaries do not benefit from the whole of public liberties, as the 13 July 1972 law on the general statute of militaries specify.

Military

Young people: the July 1974 law, voted at the instigation of president , reduced from 21 to 18 the age of majority.

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

: since the 9 January 1973 law, foreigners who have acquired French nationality do not have to wait five years after their naturalization to be able to vote anymore.

Naturalized foreigners

: the 7 May 1946 law meant that soldiers from the "Empire" (such as the tirailleurs) killed during World War I and World War II were not citizens.[81]

Inhabitants of the colonies

The special case of who, even if not French, are allowed to vote in European and French local elections if living in France, and may turn to any French consular or diplomatic mission if there is no such representations of their own country.[82]

foreign citizens of an EU member state

Some French people convicted by a court may be deprived of their civil rights, up to 10 years.

[83]

Abélès, Marc (1999). "How the Anthropology of France Has Changed Anthropology in France: Assessing New Directions in the Field". . 14 (3). American Anthropological Association: 404–8. doi:10.1525/can.1999.14.3.404. ISSN 1548-1360. JSTOR 656657.

Cultural Anthropology

Wieviorka, M L'espace du racisme 1991 Éditions du Seuil