Katana VentraIP

Yuan dynasty

The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: 元朝; pinyin: Yuáncháo), officially the Great Yuan[10] (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Mongolian: ᠶᠡᠬᠡ
ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ, Yeke Yuwan Ulus, literally "Great Yuan State"[note 4]), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division.[note 2] It was established by Kublai (Emperor Shizu or Setsen Khan), the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from the Borjigin clan, and lasted from 1271 to 1368. In Chinese history, the Yuan dynasty followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty.

Great Yuan
[1]

Khagan-ruled division of the Mongol Empire[note 2]
Conquest dynasty of Imperial China

'Phags-pa script[5]

Buddhism (Tibetan Buddhism as de facto state religion), Confucianism, Taoism, Shamanism, Mongolian Tengrism/Chinese Heaven worship, Chinese folk religion, Chinese Nestorian Christianity, Roman Catholic Christianity, Judaism, Chinese Manichaeism, Islam

Monarchy

 

Kublai

Toghon Temür

 

Ahmad Fanakati

Toqto'a

Postclassical Era

5 May 1260

5 November 1271

1268–1273

4 February 1276

19 March 1279

1351–1368

14 September 1368

1368–1388

11,000,000 km2 (4,200,000 sq mi)

Jiaochao banknotes, Chinese cash

Although Genghis Khan's enthronement as Khagan in 1206 was described in Chinese as the Han-style title of Emperor [note 3][6] and the Mongol Empire had ruled territories including modern-day northern China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Han style,[13] and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol-led khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern-day Mongolia.[14] It was the first dynasty founded by a non-Han ethnicity that ruled all of China proper.[15]: 312 [16] In 1368, following the defeat of the Yuan forces by the Ming dynasty, the Genghisid rulers retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and continued to rule until 1635 when they surrendered to the Later Jin dynasty (which later evolved into the Qing dynasty). The rump state is known in historiography as the Northern Yuan dynasty.


After the division of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty and accorded him the temple name Taizu.[note 3] In the edict titled Proclamation of the Dynastic Name issued in 1271,[8] Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty.[8] Some of the Yuan emperors mastered the Chinese language, while others only used their native Mongolian language and the 'Phags-pa script.[17]


Kublai, as a Khagan (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire from 1260, had claimed supremacy over the other successor Mongol khanates: the Chagatai, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate, before proclaiming as the Emperor of China in 1271. As such, the Yuan was also sometimes referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan. However, while the claim of supremacy by the Yuan emperors was at times recognized by the western khans, their subservience was nominal and each continued its own separate development.[18][19]

Yuan dynasty

元朝

"Yuan dynasty"

Yuán cháo

Yuán cháo

ㄩㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ

Yüan2 ch‘ao2

Yuán cháo

[ɥɛ̌n ʈʂʰǎʊ]

Nyœ́ záu

Yùhn chìuh

Jyun4 ciu4

[jyːn˩ tsʰiːu˩]

Guân tiâo

大元

Great Yuan

Dà Yuán

Dà Yuán

ㄉㄚˋ ㄩㄢˊ

Ta4 Yüan2

Dà Yuán

[tâ ɥɛ̌n]

daai6 jyun4

[taːi˨ jyːn˩]

大元大蒙古國

大元大蒙古国

"Great Yuan" (Middle Mongol transliteration of Chinese "Dà Yuán") Great Mongol State

Dà Yuán Dà Měnggǔ Guó

Dà Yuán Dà Měnggǔ Guó

ㄉㄚˋ ㄩㄢˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄇㄥˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Ta4 Yüan2 Ta4 Meng3-ku3 Kuo2

Dà Yuán Dà Měng-gǔ Guó

[tâ ɥɛ̌n tâ mə̀ŋ.kù kwǒ]

Magic square in Arabic numerals (Yuan dynasty)

Magic square in Arabic numerals (Yuan dynasty)

smelting machines (Yuan dynasty)

smelting machines (Yuan dynasty)

Water wheel (Yuan dynasty)

Water wheel (Yuan dynasty)

Water hammer (Yuan dynasty)

Water hammer (Yuan dynasty)

Weaving machine (Yuan dynasty)

Weaving machine (Yuan dynasty)

water mill gear (Yuan dynasty)

water mill gear (Yuan dynasty)

loom (Yuan dynasty)

loom (Yuan dynasty)

Yuan painting (Zhao Mengfu)

Yuan painting (Zhao Mengfu)

Chuangzi Nu (Yuan dynasty)[163]

Chuangzi Nu (Yuan dynasty)[163]

Military costume.

Military costume.

Yuan painting of a legendary figure riding on a dragon.

Yuan painting of a legendary figure riding on a dragon.

Yuan cavalry

Yuan cavalry

Yuan Mongol soldier

Yuan Mongol soldier

Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan during his youth

Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan during his youth

Mongol rider (Yuan dynasty)

Mongol rider (Yuan dynasty)

Chinese stone inscription of a Nestorian Christian Cross from Cross Temple in Beijing (then called Dadu, or Khanbaliq), dated to the Yuan dynasty

Chinese stone inscription of a Nestorian Christian Cross from Cross Temple in Beijing (then called Dadu, or Khanbaliq), dated to the Yuan dynasty

Birge, Bettine (1995). "Levirate marriage and the revival of widow chastity in Yüan China". Asia Major. 3rd series. 8 (2): 107–146.  41645519.

JSTOR

Brook, Timothy. The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties (History of Imperial China) (Harvard UP, 2010).

excerpt

Chan, Hok-lam; de Bary, W.T., eds. (1982). Yuan Thought: Chinese Thought and Religion Under the Mongols. New York: Columbia University Press.  978-0-231-05324-2.

ISBN

Cotterell, Arthur (2007). The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire. London, England: Pimlico.  978-1-84595-009-5.

ISBN

Dardess, John (1994). "Shun-ti and the end of Yuan rule in China". In Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke (sinologist); John King Fairbank (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368. Cambridge University Press. pp. 561–586.  978-0-521-24331-5.

ISBN

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (24 November 2009). Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook (2nd ed.). Simon and Schuster.  978-1-4391-8839-2.

ISBN

Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1986). "Imperial governance in Yüan times". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 46 (2): 523–549. :10.2307/2719142. JSTOR 2719142.

doi

Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1994). "The Yuan government and society". In Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke (sinologist); John King Fairbank (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368. Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–615.  978-0-521-24331-5.

ISBN

Langlois, John D. (1981). China Under Mongol Rule. Princeton: Princeton University Press.  978-0-691-10110-1.

ISBN

Langlois, John D. (1977). "Report on the research conference: The Impact of Mongol Domination on Chinese Civilization". . 13 (13): 82–90. JSTOR 23497251.

Sung Studies Newsletter

Paludan, Ann (1998). . London, England: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3.

Chronicle of the China Emperors

Saunders, John Joseph (2001) [1971]. The History of the Mongol Conquests. University of Pennsylvania Press.  978-0-8122-1766-7.

ISBN

Owen, Stephen, "The Yuan and Ming Dynasties," in Stephen Owen, ed. An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911. New York: , 1997. pp. 723 743. (Archive).

W. W. Norton

"Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan". 1987. "Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan". Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies, no. 19. Society for Song, Yuan, and Conquest Dynasty Studies: 224–54.  23497542.

JSTOR