Gus Hall
Gus Hall (born Arvo Kustaa Halberg; October 8, 1910 – October 13, 2000) was the General Secretary of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and a perennial candidate for president of the United States. He was the Communist Party nominee in the 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1984 presidential elections. As a labor leader, Hall was closely associated with the so-called "Little Steel" Strike of 1937, an effort to unionize the nation's smaller, regional steel manufacturers. During the Second Red Scare, Hall was indicted under the Smith Act and was sentenced to eight years in prison. After his release, Hall led the CPUSA for over 40 years, often taking an orthodox Marxist–Leninist stance.
Gus Hall
October 13, 2000 (aged 90)
New York City, U.S.
2
Lumberjack, miner, steel worker, trade unionist, political writer
United States
1942–1946
Move to Minneapolis[edit]
After his studies, Hall moved to Minneapolis to further the YCL activities there.[5] He was involved in hunger marches, demonstrations on behalf of farmers, and various strikes during the Great Depression.[5] In 1934, Hall was jailed for six months for taking part in the Minneapolis Teamster's Strike, led by Trotskyist Farrell Dobbs.[5] After serving his sentence, Hall was blacklisted and was unable to find work under his original name. He changed his name to Gus Hall, derived from Kustaa (Gustav) Halberg.[9] The change was confirmed in court in 1935.[9]
Ohio activism[edit]
In late 1934, Hall went to Ohio's Mahoning Valley. Following the call for organizing in the steel industry, Hall was among a handful hired at a steel mill in Youngstown, Ohio.[5] During 1935–1936, he was involved in the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)[2] and was a founding organizer of the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), which was set up by the CIO.[5] Hall stated that he and others persuaded John L. Lewis, who was one of the founders of the CIO, that steel could be organized.[1]
Marriage and family[edit]
In Youngstown, Hall met Elizabeth Mary Turner (1909–2003), a woman of Hungarian background.[2][10] They were married in 1935. Elizabeth was a leader in her own right, among the first women steelworkers and a secretary of SWOC.[10] They had two children, Barbara (Conway) (born 1938) and Arvo (born 1947).[7][10]
"Little Steel" strike and war service[edit]
Hall was a leader of the 1937 "Little Steel" strike, so called because it was directed against Republic Steel, Bethlehem Steel and the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, as opposed to the industry giant U.S. Steel. It had previously entered into a contract with SWOC without a strike.[11] The strike was ultimately unsuccessful, and marred by the deaths of workers at Republic plants in Chicago and Youngstown.[11] Hall was arrested for allegedly transporting bomb-making materials intended for Republic's plant in Warren, Ohio. He pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor and was fined $500.[12] SWOC became the United Steelworkers of America (USWA) in 1942.[11] Philip Murray, USWA founding president, once commented that Hall's leadership of the strike in Warren and Youngstown was a model of effective grassroots organizing.
After the 1937 strike, Hall focused on party activities instead of union work, and became the leader of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) in Youngstown in 1937.[2] His responsibilities in the party grew rapidly, and in 1939 he became the CPUSA leader for the city of Cleveland.[2] Hall ran on the CPUSA ticket for Youngstown councilman and also for governor of Ohio, but received few votes.[12] In 1940 Hall was convicted of fraud and forgery in an election scandal and spent 90 days in jail.[13]
Hall volunteered for the United States Navy when World War II broke out, serving as a machinist in Guam.[2] During the first years of the war in Europe, the CPUSA held an isolationist stance, as the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were cooperating based on the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. When Hitler broke the treaty by invading the USSR in June 1941, the CPUSA began to officially support the war effort. During his naval service, Hall was elected in absence to the National Committee of the CPUSA.[5] He was honorably discharged from the Navy on March 6, 1946.[4]
Seen as a Moscow loyalist, Hall's reputation in the party rose after the war. In 1946 he was elected to the national executive board of the party under the new general secretary, Eugene Dennis, a pro-Soviet Marxist–Leninist, who had replaced Earl Browder after the latter's expulsion from the party.[5][12]
General Secretary of the CPUSA[edit]
The McCarthy era had taken a heavy toll on the Communist Party USA, as many American members were called to testify to congressional committees. In addition, due to the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956, many members became disenchanted and left the party. They were also moved by the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's dismissal of Stalinism.[12] In the United States, the rise of the New Left and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 created hostility between leftists and the CPUSA, marginalizing it.[5]
Hall, along with other party leaders who remained, sought to rebuild the party.[4] He led the struggle to reclaim the legality of the Communist Party and addressed tens of thousands in Oregon,[15] Washington, and California. Envisioning a democratization of the American Communist movement, Hall spoke of a "broad people's political movement" and tried to ally his party with radical campus groups, the anti-Vietnam War movement, organizations active in the civil rights movement, and the new rank-and-file trade union movements in an effort to build the CPUSA among the young "baby boomer" generation of activists.[12] Ultimately, Hall failed to forge a lasting alliance with the New Left.[12]
Hall had a reputation of being one of the most convinced supporters of the actions and interests of the Soviet Union outside the USSR's political sphere of influence.[5][16] From 1959 onward, Hall spent some time in Moscow each year and was one of the most widely known American politicians in the USSR,[17] where he was received by high-level Soviet politicians such as Leonid Brezhnev.[18]
Hall spoke regularly on campuses and talk shows as an advocate for socialism in the United States. He argued for socialism in the United States to be built on the traditions of U.S.-style democracy rooted in the United States Bill of Rights. He would often say Americans didn't accept the Constitution without a Bill of Rights and wouldn't accept socialism without a Bill of Rights. He professed deep confidence in the democratic traditions of the American people. He remained a prolific writer on current events, producing a great number of articles and pamphlets, of which many were published in the magazine Political Affairs.[2]
During the 1960s and 1970s, Hall also made frequent appearances on Soviet television, always supporting the position of the Soviet regime.[2] Hall guided the CPUSA in accordance with the party line of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), rejecting any liberalization efforts such as Eurocommunism.[5] He also dismissed the radical new revolutionary movements that criticized the official Soviet party line of "Peaceful coexistence" and called for a world revolution.[19] After the Sino-Soviet split, Maoism likewise was condemned, and all Maoist sympathizers were expelled from the CPUSA in the early 1960s.[20]
Hall defended the Soviet invasions of Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan,[21] and supported the Stalinist principle of "Socialism in One Country".[8] In the early 1980s, Hall and the CPUSA criticized the Solidarity movement in Poland.[20] In 1992, the Moscow daily Izvestia claimed that the CPUSA had received over $40 million in payments from the Soviet Union, contradicting Hall's long-standing claims of financial independence.[12] The former KGB General Oleg Kalugin declared in his memoir that the KGB had Hall and the American Communist Party "under total control" and that he was known to be siphoning off "Moscow money" to set up his own horse-breeding farm.[22] The writer and J. Edgar Hoover biographer Curt Gentry has noted that a similar story about Hall was planted in the media through the FBI's secret COINTELPRO campaign of disruption and disinformation against radical opposition groups.[23]
Criticism[edit]
When the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and its leaders in the Midwest Teamsters were prosecuted under the Smith Act in Minnesota in 1941, some Communist Party members supported the government actions. Later, Hall admitted it was a mistake for the party to not openly fight against imprisonment of SWP members under the Smith Act.[39] The Trotskyist movement held strong negative opinions against Hall; upon his death, the trotskyist World Socialist Web Site denounced him for what they perceived as his incompetence, loyalty to the Soviet Union and accused abandonment of the working class.[40]
At times, some Soviet officials criticized Hall by accusing him of poor leadership of the CPUSA.[41] Young American communists were advised to distance themselves from CPUSA, as the party was under intense FBI surveillance, and these officials believed that under such conditions the party could not be successful.[41]
Many conservatives saw Hall as a threat to the United States, with J. Edgar Hoover describing him as "a powerful, deceitful, dangerous foe of Americanism."[12] An inflammatory anti-Christian statement was falsely ascribed to Hall, earning him the hostility of some Christian groups, including Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority.[42] In a 1977 speech, future U.S. president Ronald Reagan planned to quote this alleged 1961 statement as proof of the evils of communism: "I dream of the hour when the last congressman is strangled to death on the guts of the last preacher — and since the Christians seem to love to sing about the blood, why not give them a little of it? Slit the throats of their children [and] draw them over the mourner's bench and the pulpit and allow them to drown in their own blood, and then see whether they enjoy singing those hymns." The statement, which Reagan ultimately excised from his speech because he claimed he did not have the "nerve" to say it, was falsely claimed to have been said by Hall at the funeral oration of former CPUSA party chairman William Z. Foster.[43] Hall would later make positive comments about Christianity; in 1963, he called a papal encyclical Pacem in terris "the work of a great Pope".[44] According to Francis Nigel Lee, Hall held Pope John XXIII in high regards and hoped for dialogue between Catholics and Communists, writing in Political Affairs that "Marxists have shown their remarkable willingness to go along with Pope John's giant step forward."[44] Gus Hall is also reported to have said: “Our quarrel is with capitalism, not God.”[45]
Hall was also accused of homophobia, as the CPUSA followed a Stalinist doctrine of declaring homosexuality a "fascist tendency". As a result, openly gay party members such as Harry Hay were expelled from the party in the 1950s.[46] The Communist Party was critical of newly emerging social movements in the 1960s and 1970s, keeping its distance from the New Left. Nevertheless, some CPUSA members attempted to appeal to the youth, with Gil Green arguing that “the correct line should have been to try to turn this upheaval amongst young people into a permanent kind of movement while letting its dynamics work itself out with our participation.”[47] Despite the fact that the Communist party of Mexico and some Afro-American communists such as Jarvis Tyner and Kendra Alexander opposed homophobia, CPUSA was opposed to LGBT rights, with the official party programme from early 1970s condemning any behaviour “which encourages or promotes homosexual relationships as an alternative to sound, healthy, male–female relationships or distracts from the family as the basic unity of society and the fundamental component of the future we see to bring into being” and repudiating “as false any attempt to depict the so-called gay lifestyle as part of advanced and even revolutionary movements, or to promote it in the guise of a progressive ideology".[47] However, Hall himself was not homophobic.[48] According to Erwin Marquit, Hall sought to moderate the party's hostile stance towards LGBT groups, and when questioned by student council of the University of Minnesota, he stated his opposition to expelling homosexual members from the party.[48] Hall had also intervened on behalf of Bernard Koten, a party member who was arrested in Kiev in August 1963 and charged with homosexuality.[49] Hall reacted strongly to the news of Koten's arrest and called for the charges to be dropped "unless a more serious crime is involved".[49] After protests from Hall and a number of progressive activists, Koten was released without trial.[49]