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Dalian

Dalian[a] is a major sub-provincial port city in Liaoning province, People's Republic of China,[6] and is Liaoning's second largest city (after the provincial capital Shenyang) and the third-most populous city of Northeast China (after Shenyang and Harbin). Located on the southern tip of the Liaodong peninsula, it is the southernmost city in both Liaoning and the entire Northeast. Dalian borders the prefectural cities of Yingkou and Anshan to the north and Dandong to the northeast, and also shares maritime boundaries with Qinhuangdao and Huludao across the Liaodong Bay to west and northwest, Yantai and Weihai on the Shandong peninsula across the Bohai Strait to the south, and North Korea across the Korea Bay to the east.

Dalian
大连市

1899

3 March 1898 – 2 January 1905
1905 – 15 August 1945

16 April 1955

7 districts, 2 county cities, 1 county

Xiao Shengfeng

Chen Shaowang

Wang Qiyao

13,743 km2 (5,306 sq mi)

12,573.85 km2 (4,854.79 sq mi)

5,766.2 km2 (2,226.3 sq mi)

3,169.2 km2 (1,223.6 sq mi)

29 m (95 ft)

540/km2 (1,400/sq mi)

5,736,383

990/km2 (2,600/sq mi)

5,106,719

1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi)

Dalianese

CN¥ 823.4 billion
US$ 119.8 billion

CN¥ 117,850
US$ 17,141

Increase 6.5%

116000

210200

0.86 – very high[3]

1,906 km (1,184 mi) (excluding islands)

Dalny (1898–1905)
Dairen (1905–1945)

"Great Connection"

Dàlián

Dàlián

Ta4-lien2

Daaih-lìhn

Daai6-lin4

Tāi-liân

旅大

Luta

Lǚdà

Lǚdà

3-ta4

As of the 2020 census, its total population was 7,450,785 inhabitants whom 5,106,719 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 6 out of 7 urban districts, Pulandian District not being conurbated yet.


Today, Dalian is a financial, shipping, and logistics center for East Asia. The city has a significant history of use by foreign powers for its ports. Dalian was previously known as "Dalniy"[7] (Russian: Дальний; Dal'nii), "Dairen" (Japanese: 大連), and "Lüda" or "Luta" (Chinese: 旅大; pinyin: Lǚdà). The city used to be better known as "Port Arthur" and "Ryojun" (Japanese: 旅順) from the original Port Arthur, now the city's Lüshunkou district.


In 2016, Dalian ranked 48th in the Global Financial Centres Index.[8] In 2012, Dalian ranked 82nd in the Global City Competitiveness Index.[9] In 2006, Dalian was named China's most livable city by China Daily.[10] It is now a "Beta - Global City" according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[11] The large amount of port traffic makes Dalian a Large-Port Metropolis.[12]


Dalian is one of the top 40 science cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index, ranking 49th globally in 2023.[13] The city is home to several major universities, notably Dalian University of Technology and Dalian Maritime University, members of China's prestigious universities in the Project 211, and the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Etymology[edit]

Modern Dalian originated from Qingniwa (Chinese: 青泥洼; pinyin: Qīngníwā; lit. 'cyan mud swamp') or Qingniwaqiao (Chinese: 青泥洼桥; pinyin: Qīngníwāqiáo; lit. 'bridge over the cyan mud swamp'), a small Chinese fishing village. The Russian Empire built a commercial town after coercing a lease of the area from the Qing dynasty in 1898 and called it "Dalniy" (Russian: Дальний, romanizedDal'nii — "a remote one" or "far-away", in reference to the town's location,[14] rendered as Chinese: 达里尼; pinyin: Dálǐní) from 1898 to 1905. After the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, Japan occupied the area as the Kwantung Leased Territory and renamed the city Dairen (Japanese: 大連/だいれん)[14] after the Chinese name for Dalian Bay (simplified Chinese: 大连湾; traditional Chinese: 大連灣; pinyin: Dàlián Wān) — a name in use since at least 1879. English-language sources called the city "Dairen" in this period (1905–1945), from Japanese.


In 1950, Dalian, back in Chinese control, merged with the nearby town called Lüshun (Chinese: 旅顺) (formerly "Ryojun" and before that, "Port Arthur") to form the city of Lüda[14] (Chinese: 旅大; pinyin: Lǚdà), a name (formed from the first syllable of each constituent's name) which was usually rendered as Luta in English during that era. In 1981, the Chinese State Council again renamed the city from Lüda back to "Dalian" (simplified Chinese: 大连; traditional Chinese: 大連; pinyin: Dàlián), effective 5 March 1981.[14]

History[edit]

Ancient[edit]

In the Qin and Han periods (221 BC – AD 220), the Chinese state expanded its territories into northern Korea through the Dalian region, then under the jurisdiction of Liaodong county.[14] During the Sixteen Kingdoms era (3rd through 5th centuries), the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo controlled this region. In the early Tang dynasty (618–907), the Dalian region formed part of Andong Prefecture in Jili state; during the Liao dynasty (916–1125), it was a part of Dong Jing Tong Liaoyang county. Dalian was named Sanshan in the period of Wei Jin (220–420), San Shanpu in the Tang dynasty (618–907), Sanshan Seaport in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), and Qingniwakou during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911).

Qing dynasty[edit]

In the 1880s, Jinzhou, the north of downtown Dalian, now Jinzhou District, was a walled town and a center for political intrigue and economic activity. The Qing government built bridges and heavily fortified the peninsula. Mining camps on the northern coast of Dalian Bay became the small town of Qingniwa (青泥洼) or Qingniwaqiao (青泥洼桥), near what became the downtown core of modern-day Dalian.

(开发区)

The Development Zone

The Free Trade Zone (保税区)

(高新技术产业园区)

The Hi-Tech Industrial Zone

The Jinshitan ("Golden Pebble Beach") National Holiday Resort (金石滩国家旅游度假区)

Demographics[edit]

The population of Dalian according to the 2010 census totaled 6.69 million. The total registered population on household at year end 2014 was 5.943 million, with a net increase of 29,000 over the previous year.[30]

Zhongshan Square

(夏德仁), former mayor from October 2006 to May 2009.[109][110]

Xia Deren

(李长春), politician, former member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

Li Changchun

(薄熙来), former mayor (February 1993–August 2000), removed from Politburo under corruption charges.

Bo Xilai

(赖亚文), retired middle blocker, former captain and current team manager of the China women's national volleyball team.

Lai Yawen

(孙家栋), aerospace engineer and recipient of the "Two Bombs, One Satellite" Meritorious Award.

Sun Jiadong

(戚发轫), aerospace engineer and chief designer of the Chinese spacecraft Shenzhou.

Qi Faren

(赵晓哲), vice admiral of the PLA

Zhao Xiaozhe

(刘亚男), retired middle blocker of the China women's national volleyball team.

Liu Yanan

(杨昊), retired outside spiker of the China women's national volleyball team.

Yang Hao

(惠若琪), retired outside spiker and former captain of the China women's national volleyball team.

Hui Ruoqi

(李永波), retired badminton player and former head coach of the China National Badminton Team.

Li Yongbo

(刘长春), sprinter, first athlete to represent China in competition at the Olympic Games.

Liu Changchun

(曲云霞), middle-distance athlete.

Qu Yunxia

(张文秀), hammer thrower.

Zhang Wenxiu

(张恩华), footballer.

Zhang Enhua

(孙继海), footballer.

Sun Jihai

(毕福剑), director, host and professor.

Bi Fujian

(王雷), actor.

Wang Lei

(余男), actress.

Yu Nan

(娄艺潇), actress.

Lou Yixiao

(董洁), actress.

Dong Jie

(林鹏), actress.

Lin Peng

(杨洪基), baritone singer and professor.

Yang Hongji

(孙楠), singer.

Sun Nan

(于文文), singer.

Kelly Yu

(薛继业), painter and sculptor.

Xue Jiye

(藤田 淑子), Japanese voice actress.

Toshiko Fujita

(宋威龙), actor and model.

Song Weilong

(杨茁), professional Wushu fighter and kickboxer.

Yang Zhuo

(于晓楠), Chinese Canadian ballet dancer.

Yu Xiaonan

(孙瑜), badminton player.

Sun Yu

(稲嶺 惠一), Japanese politician

Keiichi Inamine

Jewish Australian businessman.

Harry Triguboff

(冯恩鹤), actor

Feng Enhe

(Project 985, Project 211, founded in 1949)

Dalian University of Technology

(Project 211, founded in 1909)

Dalian Maritime University

(Founded in 1952)

Dongbei University of Finance and Economics

(Founded in 1951)

Liaoning Normal University

(Founded in 1987)

Dalian University

(Founded in 1956)

Dalian Jiaotong University

(Founded in 1947)

Dalian Medical University

(Founded in 1997)

Dalian Minzu University

(Founded in 1952)

Dalian Ocean University

(Founded in 1958)

Dalian Polytechnic University

(Founded in 1964)

Dalian University of Foreign Languages

of the PLA Navy (Founded in 1949)

Dalian Naval Academy

(Founded in 1960)

Liaoning Police College

(Founded in 2000)

Dalian Neusoft University of Information

Kuramoto, Kazuko. Manchurian Legacy: Memoirs of a Japanese Colonist, 1st edition. Michigan State University Press. 1 October 1999.  0-87013-510-4, ISBN 978-0-87013-510-1, ISBN 0-87013-725-5, ISBN 978-0-87013-725-9.

ISBN

Hess, Christian A. (2006). "From colonial jewel to socialist metropolis: Dalian, 1895–1955." PhD dissertation, University of California, San Diego.

McKnight, Tom, (ed.). Geographica: The Complete Illustrated Atlas of the World, 3rd revision. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2001.  0-7607-5974-X, ISBN 978-0-7607-2714-0.

ISBN

Perrins, Robert John (1998). "'Great connections': The creation of a city, Dalian, 1905–1931. China and Japan on the Liaodong Peninsula." PhD dissertation, York University (Canada).

Song Li. Everyday Dalian: Life in Modern Manchuria (Photography Book), Foreword by Phil Borges. 1st edition. DigitalKu. 8 February 2008.  0-9763168-5-4, ISBN 978-0-9763168-5-5.

ISBN

Theiss, Frank. The Voyage of Forgotten Men, 1st Ed. Indianapolis & New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1937.

Dalian Government website

(in Chinese)

Dalian Government website