1971 BCE - against Egypt as attested to in the second Kamose stele[1]

Apophis Kush Alliance

399 BCE – to overthrow the government of ancient Sparta to grant rights to helots and poorer Spartans[2][3]

Conspiracy of Cinadon

63 BCE - and the Second Catilinarian conspiracy[4]

First Catilinarian conspiracy

44 BCE - plot assassination of Julius Caesar to restore Roman Republic[5]

Liberatores

65 CE - against Nero[6]

Pisonian conspiracy

1478 , a plot by Pope Sixtus IV and the Pazzi family to depose the House of Medici in the Republic of Florence[7]

Pazzi conspiracy

1506 - against the life of the brothers Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and Cardinal Ippolito d'Este in the Duchy of Ferrara, coordinated by their half brother Giulio d'Este and full brother Ferrante d'Este[8]

Conspiracy

1569 - against John III of Sweden.[9]

1569 Plot

1570 - against Elizabeth I of England[10]

Ridolfi plot

1574 - against John III of Sweden.[11]

Mornay Plot

1583 - by English Catholics led by Sir Francis Throckmorton to coordinate an invasion of England led by Henry I, Duke of Guise, to murder Elizabeth, and replace her with her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots[12]

Throckmorton Plot

1586 - , plot by Anthony Babington and John Ballard to assassinate Elizabeth and coordinate an invasion of England by King Philip II of Spain and the Holy League. Discovered by Sir Francis Walsingham and led to execution of Mary, Queen of Scots[13][14]

Babington Plot

1603 - to remove James I of England and enthrone Arbella Stuart allegedly led by Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham, and sponsored by Spain.[15]

Main Plot

1603 - , leads to the execution of Sir George Brooke[16]

Bye Plot

1605 - to blow up the House of Lords by during the State Opening of Parliament as prelude to a popular revolt in the Midlands, during which James's nine-year-old daughter, Princess Elizabeth, was to be installed as the Catholic head of state; foiled after a letter to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, and the discovery and arrest of Guy Fawkes. Often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot; origin of Guy Fawkes Day[17]

Gunpowder Plot

1718–1720 The during the minority of Louis XV to overthrow the Regent Philippe II, Duke of Orléans in favour of Philip V of Spain

Pontcallec conspiracy

1749 - by Muslim slaves in Hospitaller-ruled Malta to kill Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca and take over the island with the help of the Barbary states.[18]

Conspiracy of the Slaves

1756 - was an attempted coup d'état planned by Queen Louisa Ulrika of Sweden to abolish the rule of the Riksdag of the Estates and reinstate absolute monarchy in Sweden.[19]

Coup of 1756

1788 - [20]

Anjala conspiracy

1789 - against Gustav III of Sweden.[21]

1789 Conspiracy (Sweden)

1793 - against Charles XIII of Sweden.[22]

Armfelt Conspiracy

1796 – The , led by François-Noël 'Gracchus' Babeuf, which attempted to overthrow the Directoire

Conspiracy of the Equals

1807 - The , an alleged plot by former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr and a cabal of his supporters to establish an independent country in the American Southwest. The accusations would lead to Burr being arrested and later indicted for treason.

Burr conspiracy

1820 - The , a plot to murder all the British Cabinet Ministers and the Prime Minister Lord Liverpool. A police informer resulted in the arrest of 13 plotters. Five conspirators were executed and five others were transported to Australia.

Cato Street Conspiracy

1832 - , assassination of the Russian imperial administration and restoration of the Georgian monarchy[23]

Georgian plot

1865 - plot, to include assassination of cabinet members.[24] It had originated as a plot by Confederate sympathizers to kidnap Lincoln and force the Union to negotiate for either a release of prisoners of war or an end to the American Civil War.[25]

Abraham Lincoln assassination

1898 - The , a coordinated attempt to falsely accuse Alfred Dreyfus of treason[26]

Dreyfus Affair

1914 - The Black Hand secret society aided the nationalist group Young Bosnia in planning and organizing the assassination Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, thereby triggering a series of events that resulted in World War I.[27]

Serbian

1941 - , a planned attempt on the life of Adolf Hitler.[28]

Operation Spark

1944 - - An attempt to assassinate Hitler with suitcase bomb at a conference at the Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg, East Prussia, and then use Operation Valkyrie to grab power[29][30]

July 20 Plot

1945 - The infiltration of the Manhattan Project through atomic spies such as George Koval and Klaus Fuchs. Soviet intelligence was eventually confirmed by a declassified U.S. Army Corps of Engineers report and the Venona project, and assisted the Soviet atomic bomb project.[31][32]

Soviet Union's

1951 - - failed coup against Liaquat Ali Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan.[33]

Rawalpindi conspiracy

1953 - - The Imperial Iranian Armed Forces restores the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and overthrows Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh with the aid of CIA and MI6.[34]

Iranian coup d'état

1959 - - a plan to overthrow Premier of Cambodia Prince Norodom Sihanouk, formulated by Cambodian politicians with international support.[35]

Bangkok Plot

1971 - - Ugandan Army units loyal to General Idi Amin deposed the government of President Milton Obote while he was abroad attending the annual Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.

Ugandan coup d'état

1972 - - The burglary of the Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex by CREEP and subsequent cover-up scandals that forced President Richard Nixon to resign in 1974.[36]

Watergate scandal

1973 - -a group of military officers led by General Augusto Pinochet and backed by the CIA seized power from democratically-elected leftist President Salvador Allende, ending civilian rule and establishing a U.S.-backed dictatorship

Chilean coup d'état

1981 - - An attempted coup d'état or putsch in Spain by the military where politicians in the Congress of Deputies were held hostage for 18 hours. King Juan Carlos I denounced the coup in a televised address. This caused the coup to eventually collapse.

23F

1984 - - attempted assassination of Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet by the Provisional IRA at the Grand Hotel in Brighton, resulted in the death of Deputy Chief Whip Anthony Berry.[37]

Brighton hotel bombing

1984 - [38]

Rajneeshee bioterror attack

1987 - - sale of arms to Iran to fund the Contras in Nicaragua by Reagan Administration officials to circumvent the Boland Amendment[39][40]

Iran-Contra Affair

1990 - , a false testimony to the Congressional Human Rights Caucus organized by public relations firm Hill & Knowlton for the Kuwaiti government

Nayirah testimony

2001 - - Attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and a planned fourth target in Washington D.C. using hijacked airplanes by al-Qaeda.[41]

September 11 attacks

2003 - - publication of Valerie Plame's employment as a covert CIA officer by Robert Novak, who learned it from Richard Armitage, after her husband Joseph C. Wilson published a New York Times op-ed expressing doubt that Saddam Hussein purchased uranium from Niger. Lead to conviction of Scooter Libby for obstruction of justice and perjury.

Plame affair

2015 - - attacks on targets in Paris, including an Eagles of Death Metal concert at the Bataclan theatre and the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, conducted by coordinated teams of Islamic terrorists affiliated with ISIS.[42]

November 2015 Paris attacks

2021- After losing to in the 2020 Presidential Election, President Donald Trump, along with many of his staffers, appointed officials, and Republican elected officials, conspired to have the legitimate electors from a number of swing states withdrawn and supplanted with electors of the Administration's choosing, culminating in the January 6th, 2021 attempted insurrection at the United States Capitol by right-wing domestic terrorists, in a bid to stop the counting of the electoral vote.

Joe Biden

List of assassinations

List of coups and coup attempts by country

List of terrorist incidents

List of conspiracy theories

Seditious conspiracy

History of espionage

Burnett, Thom. Conspiracy Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Conspiracy Theories (2006)

Critchlow, Donald T., John Korasick, Matthew C. Sherman, eds. Political Conspiracies in America: A Reader (2008)

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Coward, Barry, and Julian Swann. Conspiracies and conspiracy theory in early modern Europe: from the Waldensians to the French revolution (Routledge, 2017).

Dean, Jodi. Aliens in America: Conspiracy Culture from Outerspace to Cyberspace (Cornell University Press, 1998).

Knight, Peter, ed. Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia (2003)

Lewis, Jon E. The Mammoth Book of Cover-Ups: The 100 Most Terrifying Conspiracies of All Time (2008)

excerpt

Newton, Michael, ed. Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia (2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2014), covers 266 assassinations and attempted assassinations of world political leaders from 465 BCE to 2012.

Newton, Michael, ed. The Encyclopedia of Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories (2005)

Sifakis, Carl. Encyclopedia of Assassinations (Facts on File 2001),

Wood, Gordon. “Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century.” William and Mary Quarterly 39 (1982): 401–41. US history

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